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THE 



BOOK OF ROSES, 



BY 

FRANCIS PARKMAN. 



BOSTON: 

J. E. TILTON AND COMPANY. 

187 I. 






Entered, according to Act of Congress, in tlie year 1866, 

By FRANCIS PARKMAN, 

In the Clerk's Office of the District Court of the District of Massachusetts. 



JUL 3 1958 



Stereotype 




Rs & Son. 



Press of Geo. C. Rand & Aveky, 



) 



TO 

Edward Sprague Rand, Jr., 

A HORTICULTURIST 

WHOSE ENERGY AND SKILL 

HAVE MADE 

"A Wilderness to blossom as the Rose," 

This Book 
is cordially inscribed. 



CONTENTS. 



FAGB 

INTRODUCTION ^ 

PART L — CULTURE OF THE ROSE, 

CHAP. I. — OPEN-AIR CULTURE. 

Planting * 



Pruning 



17 



CCIMBING AND PiLLAR RoSES ^' 

Subsequent Culture ** 

An Experiment in Rose-Growing ^4 

26 

Standard Roses 

A Novelty in Rose Culture 

Another Novelty . ^^ 

Enemies of the Rose • 3* 

CHAP. II. — POT CULTURE. 

A New Method ,,..•••4 

48 

Forcing ..••• 

Cheap Forcing ....•Si 

Raising Specimen Roses S*' 

CHAP. III. — PROPAGATION. 

Layers ••59 

62 
Cuttings •• 

,, ■ .... 67 
Budding 

. . 74 
Grafting 

. • • . 76 
Suckers ... 

CHAP. IV. -MISCELLANEOUS OPERATIONS. 

?6 
Raising New Varieties * 

Improvement of Climbing Roses 7 

88 
Natural Standards 

Effects of Frost on Soil ^ 

Grouping of Roses ^ 

5 



6 CONTENTS. 

PART IL — DESCRIPTION OF THE ROSE. 

PAGE 

CHAP, v. — GROUPS AND FAMILIES 95 

CHAP. VI. — SUMMER ROSES. 

The Provence Rose 111 

The Moss Rose „ j?.j 

The Damask Rose 1^0 

The Alba Rose ,. 123 

The French Rose ...,,....,. 123 

The Hybrid Chinese Rose ..•••.... i** 

The Scotch Rose 132 

The Austrian Brier .......... 134 

The Double Yellow Rosb oia*" 

The Sweet-Bkier 140 

The Boursault Rose 141 

The Ayrshire Rose 142 

The Evergreen Rose , ,, . 145 

The Multiflora Rose 149 

Hybrid Climbing Roses ......... 151 

The Banksia Rose ••....i5»i 

The Prairie Rose ." i5j 

CHAP. VII.— AUTUMNAL ROSES. 

The Chinese Rose • • • . . i6i 

The Tea-scented Rose . . ^ j 166 

The Musk Rose , , , . 170 

The Noisette Rose 171 

The Damask Perpetual Rose 175 

The Bourbon Rose 179 

The Hybrid Perpetual Rose ........ 183 

The Macartney Rose ....,.«.,. 195 

The Cherokee Rose 196 

The Small- Leaved Rose xj/ 

The Perpetual Moss Rose .....,,,. 198 

The Perpetual Scotch Rose 199 

SUPPLEMENT. 

Additional Selected Roses aot 




17' IS needless to eulogize the Rose. Poets from An- 
acreon and Sappho, and earlier than they, down to our own 
times, have sung its praises ; and yet the rose of Grecian 
and of Persian song, the rose of troubadours and minstrels, 
had no beauties so resplendent as those with v/hieh its 
offspring of the present day embellish our gardens. The 
" thirty sorts of rose," of which John Parkinson speaks in 
1629, have multiplied to thousands. New races have been 
introducea from China, Persia, Hindostan, and our own 
countiy ; and these, amalgamated with the older families 
by the art of the hybridist, have produced still other 
forms of surpassing variety and beauty. This multipli- 
cation and improvement are still in progress. The last two 
or three years have been prolific beyond precedent in new 
roses ; and, with all regard for old favorites, it cannot be 
denied, that, while a few of the roses of our forefathers 
still hold their ground, the greater part are cast into the 
shade by the brilliant products of this generation. 



8 INTRODUCTION. 

In the production of new roses, France takes the lead. 
A host of cultivators great and small — Laffay, Vibert, 
Verdier, Margottin, Trouillard, Portemer, and numberless 
others — have devoted themselves to the pleasant art of 
intermarrying the various families and individual varieties 
of the rose, and raising from them seedlings whose num- 
bers every year may be counted by hundreds of thousands. 
Of these, a very few only are held worthy of preservation ; 
and all the rest are consigned to the rubbish heap. The 
English, too, have of late done much in raising new 
varieties ; though their climate is less favorable than that 
of France, and their cultivators less active and zealous in 
the work. Some excellent roses, too, have been produced 
in America. Our climate is very favorable to the raising 
of seedlings, and far more might easily be accomplished 
here. 

In France and England, the present rage for roses is 
intense. It is stimulated by exhibitions, where nursery- 
men, gardeners, landed gentlemen, and reverend clergy- 
men of the Established Church, meet in friendly competi- 
tion for the prize. While the French excel all others in 
the production of new varieties, the English are unsur- 
passed in the cultivation of varieties already known ; and 
nothing can exceed the beauty and perfection of some of 
the specimens exhibited at their innumerable rose-shows. 
If the severity of our climate has its disadvantages, the 
clearness of our air and the warmth of our summer sun 



INTRODUCTION. 9 

more than counterbalance them; and it is certain that 
roses can be raised here in as high perfection, to say the 
very least, as in any part of Europe. 

The object of this book is to convey information. The 
earlier jDortion will describe the various processes of cul- 
ture, training, and propagation, both in the open ground and 
in pots ; and this will be followed by an account of the 
various families and groups of the rose, with descriptions 
of the best varieties belonging to each. A descriptive 
list will be added of all the varieties, both of old roses and 
those most recently introduced, which are held in esteem 
by the experienced cultivators of the present day. The 
chapter relating to the classification of roses, their family 
relations, and the manner in which new races have arisen 
by combinations of two or more old ones, was suggested 
by the difficulties of the writer himself at an early period 
of his rose studies. The want of such explanations, in 
previous treatises, has left their readers in a state of 
lamentable perplexity on a subject which might easily 
have been made sufficiently clear. 

Books on the rose, written for the climates of France 
or England, will, in general, greatly mislead the cultivators 
here. Extracts will, however, be given fi-om the writings 
of the best foreign cultivators, in oases where experience 
has shown that their directions are applicable to the cli- 
mate of the Northern and Middle States. The writer 
having been for many years a cultivator of the rose, and 



10 INTRODUCTION. 

having carefully put in practice the methods found suc- 
cessful abroad, is enabled to judge with some confidence 
of the extent to which they are applicable here, and to 
point out exceptions and modifications demanded by the 
nature of our climate. 

Among English writers on the rose, the best are Paul, 
Rivers, and more recently Cranston, together with the 
vivacious Mr. Radclyfie, a clergyman, a horticulturist, an 
excellent amateur of the rose, and a very amusing con- 
tributor to the "Florist." In France, Deslongchamps and 
several able contributors to the " Revue Horticole " are the 
most i^rominent. From these sources the writer of this 
book drew the instructions and hints which at first 
formed the basis of his practice ; but he soon found that 
he must greatly modify it in accordance with American 
necessities. There was much to be added, much to be 
discarded, and much to be changed ; and the results to 
which he anived are given, as compactly as possible, in 
the following pages. 

Jan. 1, 1866. 




'^^f'% ^ 




THE ROSE requires high culture. This belle of 
the parterre, this " queen of flowers," is a lover of rich fare, 
and refuses to put forth aU her beauties on a meagre diet. 
Roses, indeed, will grow and bloom in any soil; but defi- 
cient nourishment will reduce the size of the flowers, and 
impair the perfection of their form. Of all soils, one of a 
sandy or gravelly nature is the worst ; while, on the other 
hand, a wet and dense clay is scarcely better. A rich, 
strong, and somewhat heavy garden loam, abundantly 
manured, is the soil best adapted to all the strong-growing 
roses; while those of more delicate growth prefer one pro- 
portionably Ughter. 

Yet roses may be grown to perfection hi any soil, if the 



13 



14 CULTURE OF THE ROSE. 

needful pains are taken. We will suppose an extreme 
case: The grower wishes to plant a bed of roses on a 
spot where the soil is very poor and sandy. Let him mark 
out his bed, dig the soil to the depth of eighteen incheS) 
throw out the worst portion of it, and substitute in its 
place a quantity of strong, heavy loam : rotted sods, if 
they can be had, will be an excellent addition ; and so, 
also, will decayed leaves. Then add a liberal dressing of 
old stable manure : that taken from a last year's hot-bed 
will do admirably. It is scarcely possible to enrich too 
highly. One-fourth manure to three-fourths soil is not an 
excessive proportion. Now incorporate the whole thor- 
oughly with a spade, level the top, and your bed is ready. 
Again : we will suppose a case, equally bad, but of the 
opposite character. Here the soil is very wet, cold, and 
heavy. The first step is to drain it. This may be done 
thoroughly with tiles, after the approved methods ; or, if 
this is too troublesome or expensive, simpler means may 
be used, which will, in most situations, prove as efiectuaL 
Dig a hole about five feet deep and four feet wide at the 
lower side of your intended bed of roses : in this hole 
place an inverted barrel, with the head knocked out ; or, 
what is better, an old oil cask. In the latter case, a hole 
should be bored in it, near the top, to permit the air to 



CULTURE OF THE ROSE. 15 

escape. Fill the space around the cask or barrel with 
stones, and then cover the whole with earth. If your bed 
is of considerable extent, a drain, laid in stone or tile, 
should be made under or beside the bed, at the dej^th of 
three feet, and so constructed as to lead to the sunken 
barrel. Throw out, if necessary, a portion of the worst 
soil of the bed, substituting light loam, rotted leaves, and 
coarse gritty sand. Then add an abundance of old stable 
manure, as in the former case. 

In the great majority of gardens, however, such pains 
are superfluous. Any good garden soil, deeply dug, and 
thoroughly enriched, will grow roses in perfection. Neither 
manure nor the spade should be spared. Three conditions 
are indispensable, — sun, air, and exemption from the 
invasion of the roots of young growing trees. These 
last are insidious plunderers and thieves, which invade 
the soil, and rob its lawful occupants of the stores of 
nutriment provided for them. 

A rose planted on the shady side of a grove of elm or 
maple trees is in one of the worst possible of situations. 
If, however, the situation is in other respects good, the 
evil of the invading roots may be cured for a time by 
digging a trench, three feet deep, between the trees and 
the bed of roses ; thus cutting off the intruders. The 



16 CULTURE OF THE ROSE. 

trench may then be filled up immediately; but, if the 
trees are vigorous, it must be dug over again the follow- 
ing year. It is much better to choose, at the outset, an 
airy, sunny situcftion, at a reasonable distance from grow- 
ing trees ; but, at the same time, a spot exposed to violent 
winds should be avoided, as they are very injurious and 
exhausting. 



;PimMmM;Gri 



Roses may be planted either in spring or in autumn. 
In the Northern States, the severity of the winter de- 
mands some protection, when planted in autumn, for all 
except the old, hardy varieties. Plant as early as possi- 
ble, that the roots may take some hold on the soil before 
winter closes. October, for this reason, is better than 
November. The best protection is earth heaped around 
the stem to the height of from six inches to a foot. Pine, 
cedar, or spruce boughs are also excellent. When earth 
alone is used, the top of the rose is often frost-killed; 
but this is usually of no consequence, the growth and 
bloom being only more vigorous for this natural pruning. 
Dry leaves heaped among or around the roses, and kept 
down by sticks or pieces of board, or by earth thrown on 



CULTURE OF THE ROSE. 17 

theirij are also good protectors. In spring, plant as early 
as the soil is in working order ; that is to say, as soon as 
it is dry enough not to adhere in lumps to the spade. 

In planting, prune back the straggling roots with a 
sharp knife, but save as many of the small fibres as pos- 
sible. If you plant in spring, prune back the stem at 
least half way to the ground ; but, if you plant in autumn, 
by all means defer this operation till the winter is over. 
The ground around autumn-planted roses should be 
trodden down in the spring, since the plant will have 
been somewhat loosened in its place by the effect of 
frost; but this treading must not take place until the soil 
has become free from excessive moisture. Budded roses 
require a peculiar treatment in planting, which we shall 
describe when we come to speak of them. 



^ll»SIiJ 



Next to soil and situation, pruni-ng is the most impor- 
tant point of attention to the rose-grower. Long treatises 
have been written on it, describing in detail different 
modes applicable to different classes of roses, and confus- 
ing the amateur by a multitude of perplexing particulars. 
One principle will cover most of the ground: Weakly- 

2 



18 CULTURE OF THE ROSE. 

grovnng roses should be severely pruned : those of vigor' 
ous growth should be pruned but little. Or, to speak more 
precisely, roses should be pruned in inverse proportion 
to the vigor of their growth. 

Much, however, depends on the object at which the 
grower aims. If he wishes for a profusion of bloom, 
without regard to the size and perfection of individual 
flowers, then comparatively little pruning is required. If, 
on the other hand, he wishes for blooms of the greatest 
size and perfection, without regard to number, he will 
prune more closely. 

The pruning of any tree or shrub at a time when vege- 
tation is dormant acts as a stimulus to its vital powers. 
Hence, when it is naturally vigorous, it is urged by close' 
pruning to such a degree of growth, that it has no leisure 
to bear flowers, developing instead a profusion of leaves 
and branches. The few flowers which it may produce 
under such circumstances, will, however, be unusually 
large. 

The most vigorous growers among roses are the 
climbers, such as the "Boursaults" and the "Prairies." 
These require very little pruning : first, because of their 
vigor ; and, secondly, because quantity rather than quality 
of bloom is asked of them. The old and dry wood 



CULTURE OF THE ROSE. 19 

should be cut wholly away, leaving the strong young 
growth to take its place, with no other pruning than a 
cUpping-off of the ends of side-shoots, and a thinning- 
out of crowded or misshapen branches. In all roses, it 
is the young, well-ripened wood that bears the finest 
flowers. Old enfeebled wood, or unripe, soft, and defec- 
tive young wood, should always be removed. 

Next in vigor to the climbers are some of the groups 
of hardy June roses ; such, for example, as those called 
the Hybrid China roses. These are frequently grown 
on posts or pillars ; in which case they require a special 
treatment, to be indicated hereafter. We are now sup- 
posing them to be grown as bushes in the garden or on 
the lawn. Cut out the old wood, and the weak, unripe, 
and sickly shoots, as well as those which interfere with 
others ; then shorten the remaining stems one-third, and 
cut back the side-shoots to three or four buds. This is 
on the supposition that a full mass of bloom is required, 
without much regard to the development of individual 
flowers. If quality rather than quantity of bloom is the 
desideratum, the pruning both of the main stems and of 
the side-shoots must be considerably shorter. 

Roses of more moderate growth, including the greater 
part of the June, Moss, Hybrid Perpetual, and Bourbon 



20 CULTURE OP THE ROSE. 

roses, require a proportionably closer pruning. The 
stems may be cut down to half their length, and the 
side-shoots shortened to two buds. All the weak-growing 
roses, of whatever class, may be pruned with advantage 
even more closely than this. Some of the weak-growing 
Hybrid Perpetuals grow and bloom best when shortened 
to within four or five buds of the earth. The strong- 
growing kinds, on the contrary, if pruned thus severely, 
would grow with great vigor, but give very few flowers. 

The objects of pruning are threefold: first, to invig- 
orate the plant ; secondly, to improve its flowers ; and, 
thirdly, to give it shape and proportion. This last object 
should always be kept in view by the operator. No two 
stems should be allowed to crowd each other. A mass 
of matted foliage is both injurious and unsightly. Sun 
and air should have access to every part of the plant. 
Six or seven stems are the utmost that should be allowed 
to remain, even on old established bushes ; and these, as 
before mentioned, should be strong and well ripened, and 
should also be disposed in such a manner, that, when the 
buds have grown into shoots and leaves, the bush will 
have a symmetrical form. In young bushes, three, or 
even two, good stems are sufficient. 

Pruning in summer, when the plant is in active 



CULTURE OP THE ROSE. 21 

growth, has an effect contrary to that of pruning when it 
is in a dormant state. Far from increasing its vigor, it 
weakens it, by depriving it of a portion of its leaves, 
which are at once its stomach and its lungs. Only two 
kinds of summer pruning can be recommended. The first 
consists in the removal of small branches which crowd 
their neighbors, and interfere with them : the second is 
confined to the various classes of Perpetual roses, and con- 
sists merely in cutting off the faded flowers, together with 
the shoots on which they grow, to within three or four 
buds of the main stem. This greatly favors their ten- 
dency to bloom again later in the summer. 

When old wood is cut away, it should be done cleanly, 
without leaving a protruding stump. A small saw will 
sometimes be required for this purpose ; though in most 
cases a knife, or, what is more convenient, a pair of sharp 
pruning-shears, will be all that the operator requires. 



When roses are trained to cover walls, trellises, arches, 
or pillars, the main stems are encouraged to a strong 
growth. These form the permanent wood ; while the side- 
shoots, more or less pruned back, furnish the flowers. For 



22 CULTURE OP THE ROSE. 

arbors, walls, or very tall pillars, the strongest growers are 
most suitable, such as the Prairie, Boursault, and Ayrshire 
roses. Enrich the soil strongly, and dig deep and widely. 
Choose a healthy young rose, and, in planting, cut off all 
the stems close to the earth. During the season, it will 
make a number of strong young shoots. In the following 
spring cut out half of them, leaving the strongest, which 
are to be secured against the wall, or over the arbor, diver- 
ging like a fan or otherwise, as fancy may suggest. The 
subsequent pruning is designed chiefly to regulate the 
growth of the rose, encouraging the progress of the long 
leading shoots until they have reached the required height, 
and removing side-shoots where they are too thick. Where 
a vacant space occurs, a strong neighboring shoot may be 
pruned back in spring to a single eye. This will stimulate 
it to a vigorous growth, producing a stem which will serve 
to fill the gap. Of the young shoots, which, more or less, 
will rise every season from the root, the greater part should 
be cut away, reserving two or three to take the place of 
the old original stems when these become weak by age. 
When these climbing roses are used for pillars, they may 
either be trained vertically, or wound in a spiral form 
around the supj^orting column. 

Roses of more moderate growth are often trained to 



CULTURE OF THE ROSE. 23 

poles or small pillars from six to twelve feet high. Some 
of the Hybrid China roses are, as before mentioned, well 
adapted to this use ; and even some of the most vigorous 
Moss roses, such as Princess Adelaide^ may be so trained. 
Where a pole is used, two stems are sufficient. These 
should be examined, and cut back to the first strong and 
plump bud, removing the weaker buds always found 
towards the extremity of a stem. Then let the stems so 
pruned lie flat on the earth till the buds break into leaf, 
after which they are to be tied to the pole. If they were 
tied up immediately, the sap, obeying its natural tendency, 
would flow upward, expanding the highest bud, and leav- 
ing many of those below dormant, so that a portion of the 
stem would be bare. (The same course of proceeding may 
be followed with equal advantage in the case of wall and 
trellis roses.) The highest bud now throws up a strong 
leading shoot, while the stem below becomes furnished 
with an abundance of small side-shoots. In the following 
spring, the leading shoot is to be pruned back to the first 
strong bud, and the treatment of the previous year re- 
peated. By pursuing this process, the pillar may, in the 
course of two or three years, be enveloped fi'om the ground 
to the summit with a mass of leaves and blossoms. 

These and all other rose-pruning operations are, in the 



24 



CULTURE OF THE ROSE. 



Horthera States, best effected in March, or the end of 
February; since roses pruned in autumn are apt to be 
severely injured and sometimes killed by the severity of 
our winters. 



Nothing is more beneficial to roses than a frequent dig- 
ging and stirring of the soil around them. The surface 
should never be allowed to become hard, but should be 
kept light and porous by hoeing or forking several times 
in the course of the season. A yearly application of 
manure will be of great advantage. It may be applied in 
the autumn or in the spring, and forked in around the 
plants. Cultivators who wish to obtain the finest possible 
blooms sometimes apply liquid manure early in the sum- 
mer, immediately after the flower-buds are formed. This 
penetrates at once to the roots, and takes immediate effect 
on the growing bud. 




The amateur may perhaps draw some useful hints from 
an experiment made by the writer in cultivating roses, 
with a view to obtaining the best possible individual flow- 



CULTURE OP THE ROSE. 25 

ers. A piece of land about sixty feet long by forty wide 
was " trenched " throughout to the depth of two feet and 
a half, and enriched with three layers of manure. The first 
was placed at eighteen inches from the surface ; the second, 
at about nine inches ; and the third was spread on the sur- 
face itself, and afterwards dug in. The virgin soil was 
a dense yellow loam of considerable depth ; and, by the 
operation of " trenching," it was thoroughly mixed and 
incorporated with the black surface soil. Being too stiff 
and heavy, a large quantity of sandy road-scrapings was 
laid on with the surface-dressing of manure. When the 
ground was prepared, the roses were planted in rows. 
They consisted of Hardy June, Moss, Hybrid Perpetual, 
Bourbon, and a few of the more hardy Noisette roses. 
They were planted early in spring, and cut back at the 
same time close to the ground. Many of the Perpetuals 
and Bourbons flowered the first season, and all grew with 
a remarkable vigor. In November, just before tlie ground 
froze, a spadesman, working backward midway between 
the rows, dug a trench of the depth and width of his 
Bpade, throwing the earth in a ridge upon the roots of the 
roses as he proceeded. This answered a double purpose. 
The ridge of earth protected the roots and several inches 
)f the stems, while the trench acted as a drain. In the 



26 CULTURE OF THE ROSE. 

spring, the earth of the ridge was drawn back into the 
trench with a hoe, and the roses pruned with great severity; 
some of the weak-growing Perpetuals and Mosses being 
cut to within two inches of the earth, and all the weak 
and sickly stems removed altogether. The whole ground 
was then forked over. The bloom was abundant, and the 
flowers of uncommon size and symmetry. Had the prun- 
ing been less severe, the mass of bloom would have been 
greater, but the individual flowers by no means of so good 
quality. 

Of budded roses we shall speak hereafter, in treating of 
propagation. There is one kind, however, which it will 
be well to notice here. In England and on the Continent, 
it is a common practice to bud roses on tall stems or 
standards of the Dog Rose, or other strong stock, some- 
times at a height of five feet or more from the ground. 
The head of bloom thus produced has a very striking 
effect, especially when the budded rose is of a variety 
with long slender shoots, adapted to form what is called a 
" weeper." 

In France, standard roses are frequently planted near 
together in circular or oval beds, the tallest stems being in 



CULTURE OP THE ROSE. 27 

the centre, and the rest diminishing in regular gradation 
to the edge of the bed, which is surrounded with dwarf 
roses. Thus a mound or hill of bloom is produced with a 
very striking and beautiful effect. 

Unfortunately, the severe cold and sudden changes of 
the Northern States, and especially of New England, are 
very unfavorable to standard roses. The hot sun scorches 
and dries the tall, bare stem ; and the sharp cold of winter 
frequently kills, and in almost every case greatly injures, 
the budded rose at the top. It is only by using great and 
very troublesome precaution that standards can here be 
kept in a thriving condition. This may be done most 
effectually by cutting or loosening the roots on one side, 
laying the rose flat on the ground, and covering it during 
winter under a ridge of earth. Some protection of the 
stem fi'om the hot sun of July and August can hardly be 
dispensed with. 

With regard to the mounds of standard roses first men- 
tioned, it is scarcely worth while to attempt them here ; 
but a very good substitute is within our reach. By choos- 
ing roses with a view to their different degrees of vigor, — 
planting the tall and robust kinds in the middle, and those 
of more moderate growth in regular gradation around 
them, — we may imitate the French mounds without the 



28 CULTURE OF THE ROSE. 

necessity of employing standards. Of course it will 
require time, and also judicious pruning, to perfect such a 
bed of roses ; but, when this is done, it will be both a beau- 
tiful and permanent ornament of the lawn or garden. 



A new mode of growing roses, so as to form a tall pyra- 
mid instead of a standard, has been recently introduced 
in England. Instead of inserting buds at the top of the 
stem only, they are inserted at intervals throughout its 
whole length, thus clothing it with verdure and flowers. 
By this means it is effectually protected from the sun, and 
one of the dangers which in our climate attend standard 
roses is averted. The following directions are copied from 
a late number of the " Gardener's Chronicle : " — 

" Some strong two-years-old stocks of the Manetti Rose 
should be planted in November, in a piece of ground well 
exposed to sun and air. The soil should have dressings 
of manure, and be stirred to nearly two feet in depth. In 
the months of July and August of the following year, they 
will be in a fit state to bud. They should have one bud 
inserted in each stock close to the ground. The sort to be 
cliosen for this preliminary budding is a very old Hybrid 
China Rose, called Madame Pisaroni ; a rose with a most 



CULTURE OF THE ROSE. 29 

vigorous and robust habit, which, budded on strong Manct- 
ti stocks, will often make shoots from six to seven feet in 
length, and stout and robust in proportion. In the month 
of February following, the stocks in which are live buds 
should be all cut down to within six inches of the bud. 
In May, the buds will begin to shoot vigorously : if there 
are more shoots than one from each bud, they must be 
removed, leaving only one, which in June should be sup- 
ported with a slight stake, or the wind may displace it. 

" By the end of August, this shoot ought to be from five 
to six feet in height, and is then in a proper state for 
budding to form a pyramid. Some of the most free-grow- 
ing and beautiful of the Hybrid Perpetual roses should 
be selected, and budded on these stems in the following 
manner : Commence about nine inches from the ground, 
inserting one bud ; then on the opposite side of the stock, 
and at the same distance from the lower bud, insert 
another; and then at the same distance another and 
another; so that buds are on all sides of the tree up to 
about five feet in height, which, in the aggregate, may 
amount to nine buds. Tou will thus have formed the 
foundation of a pyramid. I need scarcely add that the 
shoots from the stock must be carefully removed during 
the growing season, so as to throw all its strength into the 
buds. It will also be advisable to pinch in the three top- 
most buds rather severely the first season, or they will, to 
use a common expression, draw up the sap too rapidly, 



30 CULTURE OF THE ROSE. 

and thus weaken the lower buds. In the course of a year 
or two, magnificent pyramids may thus be formed, their 
stems completely covered with foliage, and far surpassing 
any thing yet seen in rose culture." 



i^^m 




Another new method of culture is put forward in recent 
French and English journals, and is said to have proved 
very successful, increasing both the size of the flowers and 
the period of bloom. I cannot speak of it from trial; but, 
as it may be found worth an experiment, I extract from the 
" Florist and Pomologist " the account there given of the 
process by a Mr. Perry, who was one of the first to prac- 
tise it. He says, — 

" As I have now spoken of the advantages attendant 
upon this mode of training, I will proceed to explain the 
method of can-ying it out. I will suppose that the plants 
are well established, and are either on their own roots, or 
budded low on the Manetti (the former I prefer). The 
operation of bending and pegging-down should be per- 
formed in the month of March, or early in April. All the 
small growth should be cut clean away, and the ends of 
the strong shoots cut ofi" to the extent only of a few inches. 
These shoots should then be carefully bent to the ground, 



CULTURE OF THE ROSE. 31 

and fastened down by means of strong wooden pegs, suffi- 
ciently stout to last the season, and to retain the branches 
in their proper positions. Care must be taken that the 
branches do not split off at the base ; but the operator will 
soon perceive which is the best and easiest mode of bend- 
ing the tree to his wishes. Many shoots will spring up 
from the base of the plants, too strong to produce summer 
blooms ; but most of them will gratify the cultivator with 
such noble flowers in the autumn that will delight the 
heart of any lover of this queen of flowers. These branch- 
es will be the groundwork for the next year. I have 
recently been engaged in cutting all the old wood away 
which last season did such good duty, and am now fur- 
nished with an ample supply of slfoots from four to eight 
feet high, which, if devoid of leaves, would strongly remind 
me of fine raspberry-canes, and which, by their appearance, 
promise what they will do for the forthcoming season. I 
would suggest that these long shoots should now be merely 
•bundled together, and a stake put to each plant, so as to 
prevent their being injured by the wind. In this state let 
them remain until the latter end of March, and then pro- 
ceed as I have before mentioned. I feel convinced, that, 
when this method of pegging-down and dwarfing strong- 
growing roses becomes generally known, many of the 
justly esteemed and valuable robust show varieties will 
occupy the position in our flower-gardens they are justly 
entitled to." 



32 CULTURE OF THE ROSE. 



^S^LMuS) o^^^mst 




■a^SSE^^ 



A good soil, a good situation, fi'ee air and foil sun, 
joined with good manuring, good pruning, and good 
subsequent culture, will prevent more diseases than the 
most skilful practitioner would ever be able to cure. There 
are certain diseases, however, to which roses, under the 
best circumstances, are more or less liable. Of these, the 
most common, and perhaps the worst, is mildew. It con- 
sists in the formation on the leaves and stems of d, sort 
of minute fungus, sometimes presenting the appearance of 
a white frost. Though often thought to be the result of 
dampness, it frequently appears in the dryest weather. 
Many of the Bourbon roses, and those of the Hybrid Per- 
petuals nearest akin to the Bourbons, are peculiarly liable 
to it. In the greenhouse, the best remedy is sulphur, 
melted and evaporated at a heat not high enough to cause 
it to burn. In the open air, the flour of sulphur may be 
sifted over the diseased plants. English florists use a 
remedy against mildew and other kinds of fungus, which 
is highly recommended, but of which I cannot speak from 
tiial. It consists in syringing the plants affected with a 
solution of two ounces of blue vitriol dissolved in a large 
stable bucket of water. 



CULTURE OF THE ROSE. 33 

The worst enemies of the rose belong to the insect 
world. Of these there are four, which, in this part of the 
country, cause far more mischief than all the rest combined. 
The first is the aphis, or green fly ; the second is the rose- 
slug, or larva of the saw-fly ; the third is the leaf-hopper, 
sometimes called the thrip; and the fourth is the small 
beetle, popularly called the rose-bug. The first three are 
vulnerable, and can be got rid of by using the right means. 
The slug is a small, green, semi-transparent grub, which ap- 
pears on the leaves of the rose about the middle of June, 
eats away their vital part, and leaves nothing but a brown 
skeleton, till at length the whole bush looks as if burned. 
The aphis clings to the ends of young shoots, and sucks 
out their sap. It is prolific beyond behef, and a single one 
will soon increase to thousands. Both are quickly killed 
by a solution of whale-oil soap, or a strong decoction of 
tobacco, which should be appHed with a syringe in the 
morning or evening, as the appUcation of any liquid to the 
leaves of a plant under the hot sun is always injurious. 
The same remedy will kill the leaf-hopper, which, being 
much more agile than the others, is best assailed on a cold 
day, when its activity is to some degree chilled out of it. 
Both sides of the leaves should be syringed, and the plant 
thoroughly saturated with the soap or tobacco-water. 



34 CULTURE OP THE ROSE. 

Two thorough and well4imed applications will suffice to 
destroy the year's crop of slugs. 

The rose-bug is endowed with a constitution which 
defies tobacco and soap ; and, though innumerable remedies 
have been proposed, we know no better plan than to pick 
them off the bushes by hand, or, watching a time when 
they are chilled with cold, to shake them off upon a cloth 
laid on the ground beneath. In either case, sure work 
should be made of them by scalding or crushing them 
to death. 

The following account of the rose-bug and the slug is 
from Dr. Hanis's work on " Insects Injurious to Vegeta- 
tion:"—- 

" The saw-fly of the rose, which, as it does not seem to have 
been described before, may be called Selandria Rosce, from its 
favorite plant, so nearly resembles the slug-worm saw-fly as not to 
be distinguished therefrom except by a practised observer. It Is 
also very much like Selandria barda, Vitis, and pygmcea, but has 
not the red thorax of these three closely-allied species. It is of a 
deep and shining black color. The first two pairs of legs are 
brownish-gray, or dirty white, except the thighs, which are almost 
entirely black. The hind legs are black, with whitish knees. 
The wings are smoky and transparent, with dark-brown veins, 
and a brown spot near the middle of the edge of the first pair. 
The body of the male is a little more than three-twentieths of an 



CULTURE OF THE ROSE. 35 

inch long ; that of the female, one-fifth of an inch or more ; and 
the wings expand nearly or quite two-fifths of an inch. These 
saw-flies come out of the ground at various times between the 
20th of May and the middle of June, during which period they 
pair, and lay their eggs. The females do not fly much, and may 
be seen, during most of the day, resting on the leaves ; and, 
when touched, they draw up their legs, and fall to the ground. 
The males are now active, fly from one rose-bush to another, and 
hover around their sluggish partnei-s. The latter, when about to 
lay their eggs, turn a little on one side, unsheathe their saws, and 
thrust them obliquely into the skin of the leaf, depositing in each 
incision thus made a single egg. The young begin to hatch in ten 
days or a fortnight after the eggs are laid. They may sometimes 
be found on the leaves as early as the 1st of June, but do not 
usually appear in considerable numbers till the 20th of the same 
month. How long they are in coming to maturity, I have not 
particularly observed ; but the period of their existence in the 
caterpillar state probably does not exceed three weeks. They 
somewhat resemble young slug-worms in form, but are not quite 
so convex. They have a small, round, yellowish head, with a 
black dot on each side of it ; and are provided with twenty-two 
short legs. The body is green above, paler at the sides, and yel- 
lowish beneath ; and it is soft and almost transparent, like jelly. 
The skin of the back is transversely wrinkled, and covered with 
minute elevated points ; and there are two small, triple-pointed 
warts on the edge of the first ring, immediately behind the head. 
" The gelatinous and sluggish creatures eat the upper surface of 
the leaf in large, irregular patches, leaving the veins and the skin 
beneath untouched ; and they are sometimes so thick, that not a 
leaf on the bushes is spared by them, and the vhpV f(>Uagi kolw 



36 CULTURE OF THE ROSE. 

as if it had been scorched by fii'e, and drops off soon afterwards. 
They cast their skins several times, leaving them extended and 
fastened on the leaves: after the last moulting, they lose their 
semi-transparent and greenish color, and acquire an opaque yel- 
lowish hue. They then leave the rose-bushes ; some of them 
slowly creeping down the stem, and others rolling up and drop- 
ping off, especially when the bushes are shaken by the wind. 
Having reached the ground, they burrow to the depth of an inch 
or more in the earth, where each one makes for itself a small oval 
cell of grains of earth, cemented with a little gummy silk. Having 
finished their transformations, and turned to flies within their cells, 
they come out of the ground early in August, and lay their eggs 
for a second brood of young. These, in turn, perform their ap- 
pointed work of destruction in the autumn : they then go into 
the ground, make their earthen cells, remain therein throughout 
the winter, and appear in the winged form in the following spring 
and summer. During several years past, these pernicious vermin 
have infested the rose-bushes in the vicinity of Boston, and have 
proved so injurious to them as to have elicited the attention of 
the Massachusetts Horticultural Society, by whom a premium of 
one hundred dollars, for the most successful mode of destroying 
these insects, was offered in the summer of 1840. In the year 
1832, 1 first observed them in the gardens in Cambridge, and then 
made myself acquainted with their transformations. At that time 
they had not reached Mlton, my former place of residence ; and 
they did not appear in that place till six or seven years later. 
They now seem to be gradually extending in all directions ; and 
an effectual method for preserving our roses from their attacks has 
become very desirable to all persons who set any value on this 
beautiful ornament of our gardens and shrubberies. Showering 



CULTURE OF THE ROSE. 37 

or syringing the bushes, with a hquor made by mixing with water 
the juice expressed from tobacco by tobacconists, has been recom- 
mended : but some caution is necessary in making this mixture of 
a proper strength ; for, if too strong, it is injurious to plants ; and 
tlie experiment does not seem, as yet, to have been conducted 
with sufficient care to insure safety and success. Dusting lime 
over the plants, when wet with dew, has been tried, and found of 
some use ; but this and all other remedies will [)robably yield in 
efficacy to IMr. Ilaggerston's mixture of whale-oil soap and water, 
in the proportion of two pounds of the soap to fifteen gallons of 
water. 

" Particular directions, drawn up by Mr. Haggerston himself, 
for the preparation and use of this simple and cheap application, 
may be found in the ' Boston Courier' for the 25th of June, 1841, 
and also in most of our agricultural and horticultural journals of 
the same time. The utility of this mixture has already been 
repeatedly mentioned in this treatise, and it may be applied in 
other cases with advantage. Mr. Haggerston finds that it effectu- 
ally destroys many kinds of insects ; and he particularly mentions 
plant-lice, red spiders, canker-worms, and a little jumping insect, 
which has lately been found quite as hurtful to rose-bushes as the 
slugs or young of the saw-fly. The little insect alluded to has 
been mistaken for a Thrips, or vine-fretter : it is, however, a leaf- 
hopper, or species of I'eilif/onia, and is described in a former 
part of this treatise. 

" The rose-chafer, or rose-bug as it is more commonly and incor- 
rectly called, is also a diurnal Insect. It is the Melolontha subspi- 
nosu of Fabricius, by whom it was first described, and belongs to 
the modern genus Macrodac/ylus of Latrellle. Common as this 
insect is in the vicinity of Boston, it is, or was a few years ago, 



38 CULTUEE OF THE ROSE. 

unknown in the northern and western parts of Massachusetts, in 
New Hampshire, and in Maine. It may, therefore, be well to give 
a brief description of it. This beetle measures seven-twentieths 
of an inch in length. Its body is slender, tapers before and 
behind, and is entirely covered with very short and close aehen- 
yeUow down ; the thorax is long and narrow, angularly widened 
in the middle of each side, which suggested the name subspinosa, 
or somewhat spined ; the legs are slender, and of a pale-red color ; 
the joints of the feet are tipped with black, and are very long ; 
which caused Latreille to call the genus Macrodactylus : that is, 
long toe, or long foot. 

" The natural history of the rose-chafer, one of the greatest 
scourges with which our gardens and nurseries have been afi&icted, 
was for a long time involved in mystery, but is at last fully 
cleared up. The prevalence of this insect on the rose, and its 
annual appearance coinciding with the blossoming of that flower, 
have gained for it the popular name by which it is here known. 
For some time after they were first noticed, rose-bugs appeared to 
be confined to their favorite, the blossoms of the rose ; but within 
forty years they have prodigiously increased in number, have 
attacked at random various kinds of plants in swarms, and have 
become notorious for their extensive and deplorable ravages. 
The grape-vine, in particular, the cherry, plum, and apple trees, 
have annually suffered by their depredations : many other firuit- 
trees and shrubs, garden vegetables and corn, and even the trees 
of the forest and the grass of the fields, have been laid under 
contribution by these indiscriminate feeders, by whom leaves, 
flowers, and fruits are alike consumed. The unexpected arrival 
of these insects in swarms at their first coming, and their sudden 
disappearance at the close of their career, are remarkable facts in 



CULTURE OF THE ROSE. 39 

their history. They come forth from the ground dm-ing the 
second week in June, or about the time of the blossoming of the 
damask-rose, and remain from thirty to forty days. At the end 
of this period the males become exhausted, fall to the ground, and 
perish ; while the females enter the earth, lay their eggs, return to 
the surface, and, after lingering a few days, die also. 

" The eggs laid by each female are about thirty in number, and 
are deposited from one to four inches beneath the surface of the 
soil : they are nearly globular, whitish, and about one-thirtieth of 
an inch in diameter, and are hatched twenty days after they are 
laid. The young larvae begin to feed on such tender roots as are 
within their reach. Like other grubs of the Scarabaeians, when 
not eating they lie upon the side, with the body covered, so that 
the head and tail are nearly in contact : they move with difficulty 
on a level surface, and are continually falUng over on one side or 
the other. They attain their full size in the autumn, being then 
nearly three-quarters of an inch long, and about an eighth of an 
inch in diameter. They are of a yellowish-white color, with a 
tinge of blue towards the hinder extremity, which is thick, and 
obtuse or rounded. A few short hairs are scattered on the surface 
of the body. There are six short legs ; namely, a pair to each of the 
first three rings behind the head : and the latter is covered with a 
horny shell of a pale rust color. In October they descend below 
the reach of frost, and pass the winter in a torpid state. In the 
spring they approach towards the surface, and each one forms for 
itself a little cell of an oval shape by turning round a great many 
times, so as to compress the earth, and render the inside of the 
cavity hard and smooth. Within this cell the grub is transformed 
to a pupa during the month of May by casting off its skin, which 
is pushed downwards in folds from the head to the tail. The pupa 



40 CULTURE OF THE ROSE. 

has somewhat the form of the perfected beetle, but is of a yellow- 
ish-white color; its short, stump-like wings, its antennas, and its 
legs, are folded upon the breast ; and its whole body is enclosed 
in a thin film, that wraps each part separately. During the month 
of June, this filmy skin is rent : the included beetle withdraws from 
its body and its limbs, bursts open its earthen cell, and digs its way 
to the surface of the ground. Thus the various changes, from the 
egg to the full development of the perfected beetle, are completed 
within the space of one year. 

" Such being the metamorphoses and habits of these insects, it 
is evident that we cannot attack them in the egg, the grub, or the 
pupa state : the enemy in these stages is beyond our reach, and 
is subject to the control only of the natural but unknown means 
appointed by the Author of Nature to keep the insect tribes in 
check. When they have issued from their subterranean retreats, 
and have congregated upon our vines, trees, and other vegetable 
productions, in the complete enjoyment of their propensities, we 
must unite our efforts to seize and crush the invaders. They 
must indeed be crushed, scalded, or burned, to deprive them of 
life ; for they are not affected by any of the applications usually 
found destructive to other insects. Experience has proved the 
utility of gathering them by hand, or of shaking them or brushing 
them from the plants into tin vessels containing a little water. 
They should be collected daily during the period of their visita- 
tion, and should be committed to the flames, or killed by scalding 
water. The late John Lowell, Esq., states that, in 1823, he dis- 
covered on a soHtary apple-tree the rose-bugs 'in vast numbers, 
such as could not be described, and would not be believed if they 
were described, or at least none but an ocular witness could con- 
ceive of their numbers. Destruction by hand was out of the 



CULTURE OF THE ROSE. 41 

question,' in this case. He put sheets under the tree, shook thera 
down, and burned them. 

"Dr. Green of Mansfield, whose investigations have thrown 
much light on the history of this insect, proposes protecting plants 
with millinet, and says that in this way only did he succeed in 
securing his grape-vines from depredation. His remarks also show 
the utility of gathering them. ' Eighty-six of these spoilers,' says 
he, ' were known to infest a single rose-bud, and were crushed 
with one grasp of the hand.' Suppose, as was probably the case, 
that one-half of them were females : by this destruction, eight 
hundred eggs, at least, were prevented from becoming matured. 
During the time of their prevalence, rose-bugs are sometimes 
found in immense numbers on the flowers of the common white- 
weed, or ox-eyed daisy (^Chrysanthemum leucanthemwii) ; a worth- 
less plant, which has come to us from Europe, and has been 
suffered to overrun our pastures and encroach on our mowing- 
lands. In certain cases, it may become expedient rapidly to mow 
down the infested white-weed in dry pastures, and consume it, 
with the sluggish rose-bugs, on the spot. 

" Our insect-eating birds undoubtedly devour many of these 
insects, and deserve to be cherished and protected for their ser- 
vices. Rose-bugs are also eaten greedily by domesticated fowls ; 
and when they become exhausted and fall to the ground, or when 
they are about to lay their eggs, they are destroyed by moles, 
insects, and other animals, which lie in wait to seize them. Dr. 
Green informs us that a species of dragon-fly, or devil's-needle, 
devours them. He also says that an insect, which he calls the 
enemy of the cut-worm (probably the larva of a Carabus or pre- 
daceous ground-beetle), preys on the grubs of the common dor-bug. 
In France, the golden ground-beetle {Carabus auralus) devours 



42 



CULTURE OF THE ROSE. 



the female dor, or chafer, at the moment when she Is about to 
deposit her eggs. I have taken one specimen of this fine ground- 
beetle In Massachusetts ; and we have several other kinds equally 
predaceous, which probably contribute to check the increase of 
our native Melolonthians." 





Many of the ever-blooming roses cannot, in our 
climate, be cultivated in the open air without extreme 
precaution to protect them from the cold. To grow them 
most successfully, the aid of glass is necessary. Many of the 
Hardy Perpetual roses may also be grown with advantage in 
pots, by which means their bloom may be prolonged into the 
early winter months, or they may be forced into premature 
flowering long before their natural season of bloom. The 
first essential in the pot culture of roses is the preparation 
of the soil. Those of delicate growth, like most of the 
China and Tea roses, require a lighter soil than the more 
robust varieties, like most of the Hardy Perpetuals. A 
mixture of loam, manure, leaf-mould, and sand, in the pro- 

43 



44 CULTURE OF THE ROSE. 

portion of two bushels of loam to one bushel of manure, 
one bushel of leaf-mould, and half a bushel of sand, makes 
a good soil for the more delicate roses. For the more 
robust kinds, the proportion of loam and of manure should 
be greater. In all cases, the materials should be mixed 
two or three months before they are wanted for use, and 
turned over several times to incorporate them thoroughly. 
They are frequently, however, mixed, and used at once. 
The best loam is that composed of thoroughly rotted turf. 
A very skilful English rose-grower, Mr. Rivers, recom- 
mends the compact turf shaved from the surface of an old 
pasture, and roasted and partially charred on a sheet of 
iron over a moderate fire. I have found no enriching 
material so good as the sweepings from the floor of a 
horse-shoer, in which manure is mixed with the shavings 
of hoofs. It is light and porous, and furnishes, in decom- 
posing, a great quantity of ammonia. For the more deli- 
cate roses it is particularly suited, while the stronger kinds 
will bear manures of a stronger and denser nature. The 
light black soil from the woods is an excellent substitute 
for leaf-mould ; or, to speak more correctly, it is a natural 
leaf-mould in the most thorough state of decomposition. 

Young and thrifty roses which have been grown during 
summer may be potted for the house in September. They 



CULTURE OP THE ROSE. 45 

should be taken up with care, the large straggling roots 
cut back, and all bruised ends removed with a sharp knife. 
The ends of the branches should also be cut back. They 
may then be potted in the compost just described, which 
should first be sifted through a very coarse sieve. The 
pots must be well drained with broken crocks placed over 
the hole at the bottom. Care must be taken that the pot 
be not too large, as this is very injurious. A sharp stick 
may be used to compact the soil about the roots ; and from 
half an inch to an inch in depth should be left empty at 
the top, to assist in thorough watering, which is a point 
of the first importance. 

When the roses are potted, they should be placed in a 
light cellar or shed, or under a shady wall. They must be 
well watered, and it is well to syringe them occasionally. 
In a week or two they will have become established, and 
may then be removed to a greenhouse without fire, and 
with plenty of air ; care, however, being taken to protect 
them from frost at night. 

The roses so treated are intended for blooming from 
mid- winter to the end of spring; and we shall soon speak 
further of them under the head of Forcing. 

A great desideratum is the obtaining of roses in the 
early part of winter. This may be done by growing ever- 



46 CULTURE OF THE ROSE. 

blooming roses in pots in the open air during summer, 
plunging the pot in the earth, and placing a tile or brick 
beneath it to prevent the egress of roots and the ingress of 
worms. Towards the end of August, cut off all the flow- 
ers and buds, at the same time shortening the flower-stalks 
to two or three eyes. Then give the roses a supply of 
manure- water to stimulate their growth. If they are in a 
thrifty condition, they will form new shoots and flower- 
buds before the frost sets in ; and may then be removed to 
a cold greenhouse, where they will continue, to flower for 
several months. 

The following is the description given by Mr. Rivers of 
a practice recently introduced in England, and which 
seems well worth a trial here, with such modifications as 
the heat of our sun may require : — 

" To have a fine bloom of these roses, or, indeed, of any 
of the Hybrid Perpetuals, Bourbons, or China roses, in 
pots towards the end of summer or autumn, take plants 
from small pots (those struck from cuttings in March or 
April will do), and put them into six-inch, or even eight- 
inch pots, using a compost of light turfy loam and rotten 
manure, equal parts : to a bushel of the compost add half 



CULTURE OF THE ROSE. 47 

a peck of pounded charcoal, and the same quantity of 
silver sand; make a hot-bed of sufficient strength, say 
three to four feet in height, of seasoned dung, so that it is 
not of a burning heat, in a sunny, exposed situation," and 
on this place the pots ; then fill up all interstices with saw- 
dust, placing it so as to cover the rims, and to lie on the 
surface of the mould in the pots about two inches deep. 
The pots should have a good sound watering before they 
are thus plunged, and have water daily in dry weather. 
The bottom heat and full exposure to the sun and air will 
give the plants a vigor almost beyond belief. This very 
simple mode of culture is as yet almost unknown. I have 
circulated among a few friends the above directions ; and 
have no doubt, that, in the hands of skilful gardeners, some 
extraordinary results may be looked for in the production 
of sjiecimens of soft-wooded plants. I may add, that, 
when the heat of the bed declines towards the middle of 
July, the pots must be removed, some fresh dung added, 
and the bed remade, again plunging tlie plants immedi- 
ately. Towards the end of August, the roots of the plants 
must be ripened : the pots must, therefore, be gradually 
lifted out of the saw-dust ; i.e., for five or six days, expose 
them about two inches below their rims ; then, after the 
same lapse of time, a little lower, till the whole of the pot 
is exposed to the sun and air : they may be then removed 
to the greenhouse, so as to be sheltered from heavy rain. 
They will bloom well in the autumn, and be in fine order 



48 CULTTJRE OP THE ROSE. 

for early forcing. If plants are required during the summer 
for exhibition, or any other purpose, care must always be 
taken to harden or ripen their roots, as above, before they 
are removed fi'om the hot-bed." 



" Forcing " is the very inappropriate name of the process 
by which roses and other plants are induced to bloom 
under glass in advance of their natural season. We say 
that the name is inappropriate, because one of the chief 
essentials to the success of the process consists in an 
abstinence from all that is violent or sudden, and in the 
gentle and graduated application of the stimulus of arti- 
ficial heat. 

Roses may be forced in the greenhouse, but not to ad- 
vantage, because the conditions of success will be incon- 
sistent with the requirements of many of the other plants. 
The process is best carried on in a small glass structure 
made for such purposes, and called a " forcing-pit." 

A pit ten or twelve feet long and eight or ten wide will 
commonly be large enough. It may be of the simplest 
and cheapest construction. In a dry situation, there is 
advantage in sinking the lower part of it two or three feet 



CULTURE OP THE ROSE. 49 

below the surface of the ground. The roses may be placed 
on beds of earth, or on wooden platforms, so arranged as to 
bring the top of the plants near the glass ; and a sunken 
path may pass down the middle. The pit may be heated 
by a stove enclosed with brick-work, and furnished with a 
flue of brick or tile passing along the front of the pit, and 
entering the chimney at the farther end. The lights must 
be movable, or other means provided' for ample ventila- 
tion ; and if these are such that the air on entering will 
pass over the heated flues, and thus become wanned in the 
passage, great advantage will result. A pit may be append- 
ed to a greenhouse; in which case it may be heated by 
hot-water pipes furnished with means of cutting ofi" or 
letting on the water. 

The roses potted for forcing, as directed in the last sec- 
tion, should be kept in a dormant state till the middle of 
December. A portion of them may then be brought into 
the pit, and the young shoots pruned back to two or three 
eyes. The heat at first must be very moderate, not much 
exceeding forty-five degrees in the daytime : and, through- 
out the process, the pit should be kept as cool as possible 
at night ; great care, however, being taken that no frost is 
admitted. With this view, the glass should be covered at 
sunset with thick mats. Syringe the plants as the budsj 



50 " CULTURE OP THE ROSE. 

begin to swell, and lose no opportunity to give air on mild 
and bright days. Raise the heat gradually till it reaches 
sixty degrees ; which is enough during the winter months, 
so far as fire-heat is concerned. The heat of the sun will 
sometimes raise it to seventy or eighty degrees. Syringe 
every morning ; and, if the aphis appears, fumigate with 
tobacco ; then syringe forcibly to wash off the dead insects. 
As the plants advance in growth, they require plenty of 
water ; and, as the buds begin to swell, manure-water may 
be applied once or twice. When the buds are ready to 
open, the pots may be removed to the greenhouse or 
drawing-room, and another supply put in their place for a 
second crop of flowers. When the blooms are faded, the 
flower-stalks may be cut back to two or three eyes, and 
the plants placed again in the forcing-pit for another crop. 
This, of course, is applicable to ever-blooming roses only. 

The most common and simple way, however, of obtain- 
ing roses in winter, is to grow them on rafters in the green- 
house. Some of the Noisette, China, and Tea roses, thus 
treated, will furnish an abundant supply of excellent 
flowers. By pruning them at different periods during the 
summer and autumn, they will be induced to flower in 
succession ; since, with all roses, the time of blooming is, 
to a great degree, dependent on the time of pruning. 



CULTURE OF THE ROSE. 51 

Roses potted in the manner described for forcing may 
also be brought into bloom in the sunny window of a 
chamber or drawing-room. They will bloom much better 
if allowed to remain at rest in a cool cellar for a month or 
two after potting. 



fC)Ce^¥J 



The following is a cheap mode of forcing, described by 
an English cultivator. The amateur may, perhaps, be dis- 
posed to make the experiment. 

" Those who wish for the luxury of forced roses at a tri- 
fling cost may have them by pursuing the following simple 
method: Take a common garden frame, large or small, 
according to the number of roses wanted ; raise it on some 
posts, so that the bottom edge will be about three feet 
from the ground at the back of the frame, and two feet in 
S-ont, sloping to the south. If it is two feet deep, this will 
give a depth of five feet under the lights at the back of 
the fi-ame, which will admit roses on httle stems as well as 
dwarfs. Grafted or budded plants of any of the Perpetual 
roses should be j^otted in October, in a rich compost of 
equal portions of rotten dung and loam, in pots about 
eight inches deep and seven inches over, and plunged in the 
soil at the bottom. The air in the frame may be heated by 
linings of hot dung ; but care must be taken that the dung 



52 CULTURE OP THE ROSE. 

be turned over two or three times before it is used, other- 
wise the rank and noxious steam will kill the young and 
tender shoots : but the hazard of this may be avoided by 
building a wall of turf, three inches thick, from the ground 
to the bottom edge of the frame. This will admit the 
heat through it, and exclude the steam. The Perpetual 
roses, thus made to bloom early, are really beautiful." 

Now, in the way of exciting the reader's emulation, I 
will mention a few items of the opening flower-show of 
the Crystal Palace, Sydenham, on the 26th of May, a few 
years ago. The following specimens of roses, in pots, are 
chronicled among innumerable others : — 

Madame Willekmoz {Tea-scented Bose)^ seven feet 
high, with more than a hundred expanded flowers. 

Souvenir de la Malmaison {Bourbon Bose), with 
thirty expanded flowers, the largest more than five inches 
in diameter. 

Paul Pekeas {Hybrid Bourbon Bose), six feet high, 
with nearly a hundred expanded flowers. 

Coupe d'Hebe {Hybrid Bourbon Bose), six feet high, 
covered with a mass of bloom. 

These were all raised by Mr. Paul, one of the most skilful 



CULTUKE OF THE ROSE. 53 

of English rose-growers ; and were the results of patience, 
care, and experience. We hold the production of speci- 
mens like these a work of art worthy of zealous emulation. 
Our climate is quite as favorable to their production as 
that of England ; and, when the floricultural art has reached 
among us the same development, our horticultural shows 
will, no doubt, boast decorations equally splendid. The 
plants just mentioned were the productions of a nursery- 
man ; but specimens of roses grown to the highest perfec- 
tion are every year exhibited in England by amateur 
cultivators. The competition for prizes, far from being a 
mere strife for a small sum of money, is an honorable 
emulation, in which the credit of success is the winner's 
best reward. 

One point cannot be too often urged in respect to horti- 
cultural pursuits. Never attempt to do any thing which 
you are not prepared to do thoroughly. A little done well 
is far more satisfactory than a great deal done carelessly 
and superficially. He who raises one perfect and fully 
developed specimen of a plant is a better horticulturist 
than he who raises an acre of indifferent specimens. The 
amateur who has made himself a thorough master of the 
cultivation of a single species or variety, has, of necessity, 
acquired a knowledge and skill, which, with very little 



54 CULTURE OF THE ROSE. 

pains, he may apply to numberless other forms of culture. 
Learn to produce a first-class specimen of the rose grown 
in a pot, and you will have no difiiculty in successfully 
applying your observation and experience to a vast variety 
of plants. We will, therefore, enter into some detail as to 
the methods of procedure. For many of the specific direc- 
tions I am indebted to Mr. Paul, the exhibiter of the fine 
specimens named above, and the author, among other 
books, of a useful little treatise on the cultivation of roses 
in pots. 

Soil is the point that first demands attention, and direc- 
tions concerning it have already been given. You have 
bought a number of young roses, in small pots, in the 
spring. Be sure that these roses have been in a dormant 
state during the winter ; for, if they have been kept in 
growth, their vital power is partially exhausted. They may 
be budded on short stems of the Manetti or . other good 
stock (see the chapter on Budding)^ or they may be on 
their own roots. The Tea and China roses are certainly 
better in the latter condition. Shift them from the small 
pots into pots a very httle larger, without breaking the 
ball of earth around their roots. Water them well, and 
plunge them to the edge of the pot in earth, in an open, 
airy, sunny place. Or they may be set on the surface, 



CULTURE OP THE ROSE. 55 

provided the spaces between them are well packed with 
tan, coal-ashes, or swamp-moss. The last is excellent : it 
holds moistm*e like a sponge. In every case, the i:>ots 
should rest on flat bricks, slates, tiles, or inverted pans, in 
order that worms may be excluded, and that the roots 
may not be tempted to thrust themselves through the 
hole. In potting, thorough drainage should be secured by 
placing broken crocks at the bottom of the pot. 

Encourage the growth of the plants by pinching ofi" the 
flower-buds. The object throughout the summer is to get 
a few stout well-ripened shoots by autumn. Therefore the 
pots should not be very close together, since this would 
deprive the plants of free air and sunlight. Watering 
must be carefully attended to. Cut out, or pinch ofi*, weak 
or ill-placed shoots ; or, what is better, prevent their growth 
by rubbing ofi" the buds that threaten to form such. Thus, 
if several buds are crowded together in one place, rub ofi" 
all but- one or two of them, choosing the strongest for 
preservation. This is called dis-budding. Those of the 
plants that grow most vigorously will require to be shifl:ed 
into still larger pots in July; but this should be done 
only in cases where it is necessary. As a guide on this 
point, turn them carefully out of the pots to examine the 
roots; and, if these are found protruding in great abun- 



56 CULTURE OF THE ROSE. 

dance from the ball of earth, larger pots will be required; 
but, if otherwise, the same one will suffice. Some roses 
suffer greatly if placed in pots too large for them ; and the 
same is more or less true of all plants. 

Late in autumn, when growth has ceased, shift the roses 
again, if they need it, and place them for wintering in a 
cellar or cold frame. In the spring, prune them, as directed 
in thv3 chapter on Pruning. After the rose is pruned, stake 
out the shoots to as great distances as possible. Indeed, 
the larger ones should be made to lie almost horizontal : 
this will cause the buds to "break," or open, regularly 
along their whole length ; whereas, if left upright, a few at 
the top would break, and the rest remain dormant. As 
soon as the buds have opened, the shoots may be tied up 
again. Syringe the opening buds, and water moderately, 
increasing the amount of moisture as the leaves expand, 
and watering abundantly during all the period of full 
activity of growth; that is, during summer and early 
autumn. An occasional application of manure-water is 
useful. Watch for insects and mildew, and apply the 
remedies elsewhere directed. About midsummer, shift 
those that need it into larger pots ; an operation which, if 
performed with skill, will not check their growth in the 
least. Continue to dis-bud and to remove weak and ill- 



CULTURE OF THE ROSE. 57 

placed shoots, tying out the rest, as they grow, to stakes, 
in order to bring the plant into a symmetrical form. This 
form is a matter of taste with the cultivator : it may be a 
half-globe, a fan, or a pyramid or cone. The last is usually 
the best ; one strong stem being allowed to grow in the 
centre, and smaller stems trained in gradation around it. 
None must interfere with their neighbors, and air should 
have free play through the plant. 

You have reached the second autumn, and your j)lants 
are now excellent for forcing ; but, if you aim at first-class 
specimens, you must give them, at the least, one season 
more of growth and training. To this end, keep them 
dormant through the winter in a cellar or cold frame as 
before, and prune them early in spring. We will sup- 
pose that a pyramidal plant is desired. As soon as they 
are pruned, draw the lower shoots downwards over the 
rim of the pot, just beneath which a wire should pass 
around, to which the shoots are to be tied with strings of 
bass-matting. The shoots higher up are to be arranged, 
with the aid of sticks and stnngs, so as to decrease in cir- ' 
cumference till they terminate in a point. Constant care 
and some judgment are needed throughout the growing 
season to preserve symmetry of form. Strong shoots must be 
pinched back, and weak ones encouraged. Both the plant, 



58 



CULTURE OF THE ROSE- 



and the pot that contains it, are, or ought to be, so large 
by this time, that handling them, especially in the act of 
shifting, becomes somewhat difficult. In the third, or at 
farthest in the fourth autumn, you may expect, as the 
result of your pains, a plant that in its blooming season 
will make a brilliant contrast with the half-grown and 
indifferent specimens sometimes exhibited at our horticul- 
tural shows. 

If you forget every other point of the above directions, 
keep in mind the following : Drain your pots thoroughly ; 
and, when you water them, be sure that you give water 
enough to penetrate the whole mass of the earth contained 
in them. Watering only the surface, and leaving the roots 
dry, is ruinous. 






THERE A±tE live modes of propagating the rose, 
— bj^ layers, by cuttings, by budding, by grafting, and by 
suckers. 



-Mc 



This is perhaps, for the amateur, the most convenient 
and certain method. The best season for layering is the 
summer, from the end of June to the end of August; and, 
for some varieties, even later. The rose which is to be 
multiplied should be in a condition of vigorous growth. 
Loosen and pulverize the soil around it; and, if heavy and 
adhesive, add a liberal quantity of very old manure mixed 
with its bulk of sharp sand. The implements needed for 

59 



60 CULTURE OF THE ROSE. 

the operation are a knife, a trowel, and hooked wooden 
pegs. Choose a well-ripened shoot of the same season's 
growth, and strip off the leaves from its base a foot or more 
up the stalk ; but, by al^ means, suffer the leaves at the 
end to remain. Bend the shoot gently downward with 
the left hand, and insert the edge of the knife in its upper 
or inner side six or eight inches from its base, and imme- 
diately below a bud. Cut half way through the stem ; then 
turn the edge of the knife upward, and cautiously slit the 
stem through the middle, to the length of an inch and a 
half, thus a tongue of wood, with a bud at its end, will be 
formed. With the thumb and finger of the left hand raise 
the upper part of the stem erect, at the same time by a 
slight twist turning the tongue aside, steadying the stem 
meanwhile with the right hand. Thus the tongue will be 
brought to a right angle, or nearly so, with the part of the 
stem from which it was cut. Hold it in this position with 
the left hand, while with the trowel you make a slit in the 
soil just beneath it. Into this insert the tongue and bent 
part of the stem to a depth not much exceeding two inches. 
Press the earth firmly round them, and pin them down 
with one of the hooked pegs. Some operators cut the 
tongue on the lower or outer side of the stem ; but this 
has a double disadvantage. In the first place, the stem is 



CULTURE OF THE ROSE. 61 

much more liable to break in being bent ; and, in the next 
place, the tongue is liable to re-unite with the cut part, and 
thus defeat the operation. When all is finished, the ex- 
tremity of the shoot should stand out of the ground as 
nearly upright as possible, and should by no means be cut 
back, — a mistaken practice in use with some gardeners. 

In a favorable season, most of the layers will be well 
rooted before the frost sets in. If the weather is very dry, 
there will be many failures. Instead of roots, a hard 
cellular substance will form in a ball around the tonorue. 
In the dry summer of 1864, the rose-layers were thus 
"clubbed" with lumps often as large as a hen's egg; but 
cases like this are rare. 

In November, it is better in our severe climate to take 
up the rooted layers, and keep them during winter in 
a " cold frame ; " that is, a frame constructed like that of a 
hot-bed, without the heat. Here they should be set closely 
in light soil to the depth of at least six inches, and covered 
with boards and matting ; or they may be potted in small 
pots, and placed in a frame or cellar. 

Layers may be made in spring from wood of the last 
season's growth; but laying the young wood during sum- 
mer, as described above, is much to be prefeiTcd. 



62 CULTURE OF THE ROSE. 




All roses may be propagated by cuttings ; but some 
kinds strike root much more readily than others. The 
hard-wooded roses, including the entire family of the 
Hardy June roses, and especially the Mosses, are increased 
with difficulty by cuttings. The Hybrid Perpetuals root 
more readily; while the tender ever-blooming roses, includ- 
ing the Teas, Noisettes, and Chinas, are propagated in this 
way with great ease. 

Cuttings may be made from the ripened or the half- 
ripened wood. In the case of roses, and of nearly all 
ligneous plants, cuttings made from the ripe wood do not 
require bottom-heat, and are more likely to be injured than 
benefited by it. On the other hand, cuttings of the soft 
or unripe wood strike root with more quickness and cer- 
tainty if stimulated by the application of a gentle heat 
from below. 

In propagating roses from the ripe wood, the cuttings 
must be made early in autumn from wood of the same 
season's growth. The chances of success will be increased 
if they are taken off close to the old wood with what is 
called a " heel ; " that is, with a very small portion of the 



CULTURE OP THE ROSE. G3 

old wood attached. The heel should be trimmed smooth 
with a sharp knife : the cuttings may be six or eight inches 
long. Strip off any leaves which may still adhere to them, 
and plant them in rows, at a depth of about five inches, in 
a cold frame. The soil should be very light, and thoroughly 
drained : water it, to settle it, around the cuttings. On 
the approach of frost, they should be protected with boards 
and mats, giving them air on fine days during winter. In 
the spring, a white cellular growth called a " callus " will 
have formed at the heel of each cutting, which, if the 
process succeeds, will soon emit roots, and become a plant. 

Propagation in summer from the half-ripe wood is a 
better and less uncertain method. In June and July, im- 
mediately after the blossoms wither, and before the rose 
has begun its second growth, cuttings should be made of 
the flower-stems. Each cutting may contain two or three 
buds. The lower leaves must be taken off; but the upper 
leaves must remain. Trim off the stem smoothly with a 
sharp knife below the lowest bud, and as near to it as pos- 
sible v/ithout injuring it. 

If the cuttings are taken off with a heel, as above de- 
scribed, the chance of success will be greater. They may 
now be inserted at the depth of an inch and a half around 
the edge of a small pot filled one-third with broken crocks, 



64 CULTURE OF THE ROSE. 

and the remainder with a mixture of loam, leaf-mould, and 
sharp sand. Now place them in a frame on the shady 
side of a hedge or fence, water them to settle the soil, and 
cover them closely with glass. Sprinkle them lightly 
every morning and night ; and, when moisture gathers on 
the inner surface of the glass, turn it over, placing the dry 
side inward. If mould or decay attacks the cuttings, 
wedge up the glass a little to give them air. In a week 
or two, they will form a callus ; after which they may be 
removed to a gentle hot-bed, kept moderately close, and 
shaded from the direct sun. Here they -sdll quickly strike 
root, and may be potted off singly into small pots. 

Another mode of propagation, and a favorite one with 
nursery-men, is practised early in the spring. In this case, 
the cuttings are made fi-om forced roses, or roses grown on 
greenhouse rafters. Some propagators prefer the wood 
in a very soft state, cutting it even before the flowers are 
expanded. The cuttings may be placed in pots as in the 
former case, or in shallow boxes or earthen pans thor- 
oughly drained with broken crocks. The soil should be 
shallow enough to allow the heel of the cutting to touch 
the crocks. They are to be placed at once on a moderate 
bottom-heat, covered closely with glass, and shaded from 
the direct rays of the noontide sun. Their subsequent 



CULTURE OF THE ROSE. 65 

treatment is similar to that of summer cuttings. They 
must be closely watched, and those that show signs of 
mould or decay at once removed. 

After the callus is formed, they will bear more air. 
When rooted, they should be potted into small pots, and 
placed on a hot-bed of which the heat is on the decline. 
Towards the end of May, when the earth is warmed by 
the sun, they may be turned out of the pots into the open 
ground, where they will soon make strong plants. 

Many American nursery-men strike rose-cuttings in 
spring, in pure sand, over a hot-bed or a tank of hot water, 
in the close air of the propagating-house. They must be 
potted immediately on rooting, as the sand supplies them 
with nothing to subsist on. We have seen many hundreds 
rooted in this way with scarcely a single failure. 

The management of difficult cuttings requires a certain 
tact, only to be gained by practice and observation ; and 
the gardener who succeeds in rooting a pot of cuttings of 
the Moss Rose has some reason to be proud of his success. 

With respect to the relative value of roses propagated 
by the methods above described, the most experienced 
cultivators are unanimous in the opinion, that those raised 
from layers and from cuttings of the ripe wood, without 
artificial heat, are superior in vigor and endurance to those 



66 CULTURE OF THE ROSE. 

raised from the half-ripe wood with the stimuhis of a close 
heat. Unfortunately, the former method is so slow and 
micertain when compared with the latter, that nursery- 
men rarely employ it to any great extent ; and a good 
choice of roses on their own roots, raised witliout heat, is 
sometimes difficult to find. 

The following is a mode of propagation not often prac- 
tised, but which is well worthy of trial, as it is applicable 
to prunings which are usually thrown away. The extract 
is from the " Gardener's Chronicle." 

" The rose is as easily propagated by means of buds or 
eyes as the vine. If your correspondent * X ' will take a 
strong shoot fi'om almost any kind of rose in a dormant 
state, and with a sharp knife cut it into as many pieces as 
there are good eyes on the shoots, the pieces not being 
more than one inch long, taking care to have the eye in 
the centre of the piece, he will doubtless succeed. One- 
third of the wood should be cut clean off from end to end 
at the back of the eye, just as you would prepare a vine 
eye. In preparing the cutting-pans, it is most essential to 
put a good quantity of broken potsherds in the bottom, 
beginning with large pieces, and finishing with others 
more finely broken : then mix a quantity of good loam, 
leaf-soil, and sand, in equal proportions ; rub it through a 
fine sieve, and fill the pans to within one inch of the top, 
pressing down the soil moderately firm. After that, put in 



CULTURE OF THE ROSE. 67 

the eyes in a leaning or slanting position, j^ressing tliem 
iirmly into the soil with the thumb and finger ; taking care 
to keep the thumb on the bottom end of the cutting, to 
prevent the bark from being injured. After the eyes are 
put in, give the pan two or three gentle raps on the bench ; 
then put half an inch of silver or clean river sand on the 
top, water with a fine rose, and plunge the pans in a nice 
bottom heat of say sixty degrees, covering the surface 
over with moss to prevent the soil from getting dry : they 
will not require any more water for a week or ten days. 
The moss should be carefully removed as soon as the 
young shoots begin to push through the sand. In three 
weeks from that time, the roses will be fit for potting off 
into large sixty-sized pots. They should then be placed 
in a temperature of seventy degrees, when they will soon 
repay the care bestowed on them. I, however, prefer 
grafting on the Manetti stock. I grafted a lot in a dor- 
mant state seven weeks ago : they are now nice plants, 
and will be in bloom by May." — J. Willis^ Oulton Parh^ 
Cheshire. 



This mode of propagation is attended with great advan- 
tages and great evils. A new or rare rose may be in- 
creased by it more rapidly and surely than by any other 
means ; while roses of feeble growth on their own roots 



68 CULTURE OF THE ROSE. 

will often grow and bloom vigorously when budded on a 
strong and congenial stock. On the other hand, the very 
existence of a budded rose is, in our severe climate, preca- 
rious. A hard winter may kill it down to the point of 
inoculation, and it is then lost past recovery ; whereas a 
rose on its own roots may be killed to the level of the 
earth, and yet throw up vigorous shoots in the spring. 
Moreover, a budded rose requires more attention than the 
cultivator is always willing to bestow on it. An ill- 
informed or careless amateur will suffer shoots to grow 
from the roots or stem of the stock ; and, as these are 
always vigorous, they engross all the nourishment, and 
leave the budded rose to dwindle or die ; while its disap- 
pointed owner, ignorant of the true condition of things, 
often congratulates himself on the prosperous growth of 
his plant. At length he is undeceived by the opening 
of the buds, and the appearance of a host of insignificant 
single roses in the place of the Giant of Battles or General 
Jacqueminot. 

Budding, however, cannot be dispensed with, since, in 
losing it, we should lose the most effectual means of in- 
creasing and distributing the choicest roses. The process 
consists in implanting, as it were, an undeveloped leaf-bud, 
of the variety we wish to increase, in the bark and wood 



CULTURE OF THE ROSE. 69 

of some other species of rose. The latter is called the 
stock, and it should be of a hardy and vigorous nature. 
Two conditions are essential to the process. The first is, 
that the bark of the stock will " sUp ; " in other words, sepa- 
rate freely from the wood. The second is, that the rose 
to be increased should be furnished with young and sound 
leaf-buds in a dormant state. These conditions are best 
answered in summer and early autumn, from the first 
of July to the middle of September. During the whole of 
this period, the sap being in active motion, the bark sepa- 
rates freely from the wood, while there is always a supply 
of plump and healthy buds on shoots of the same year's 
growth. The only implement necessary is a budding-knife. 
The operator should also provide himself with strings of 
bass-matting, moistened to make them pliant. Instead 
of the bass, cotton-wicking is occasionally used. Cut well- 
ripened shoots of the variety to be increased, provided 
with plump and healthy buds. In order to prevent ex- 
haustion by evaporation from the surface of the leaves, 
these should be at once cut oflf; leaving, however, about 
half an inch of the leaf-stalk' still attached to the stem. 
Insert the knife in the bark of the stem half an inch above 
a bud, and then pass it smoothly downward to the distance 
of half an inch below the bud, thus removing the latter 



70 CULTURE OF THE ROSE. 

wdth a strip of bark attached. A small portion of the 
wood will also adhere. This may be removed; though this 
is not necessary, and is attended with some little risk of 
pulling out with it the eye, or vital pai't, of the bud. Now 
place the bud between the lips while you take the next 
step of the process. This consists in cutting a vertical, 
sht in the bark of the stock. This done, cut a tranveree 
slit across the top of the vertical one. Both should be 
quite through the bark to the wood below ; then, with the 
flat handle of the budding-knife, raise the corners of the 
bark, and disengage it from the wood sufficiently to allow 
of the bud being slipped smoothly into the crevice between 
the wood and bark of the stock. Next apply the edge 
of the knife to the protruding end of the bark attached to 
the bud, and cut it smoothly ofl" immediately over the 
tranverse slit in the bark of the stock. The bud is now 
adjusted accurately in its place, the overlapping bark clos- 
ing neatly around it. Now tie it above and below pretty 
firmly with repeated turns of the bass-matting, and the 
work is done. It must be remembered, that, to be well 
done, it must be quickly done ; and it is better to insert the 
bud on the north or shady side of the stock. 

The bud and the stock will soon begin to grow together. 
After a week or two they should be examined, and the tie 



CULTURE OF THE ROSE. 



71 



loosened. If the bud is put in early in the season, it may 
be made to grow almost immediately by cutting off the 
ends of the growing shoots of the stock, and thus forcing 
sap towards the bud. As the bud grows, the stock should 
be still further shortened, and all the shoots growing below 
the bud should be removed altogether. 

Budded stocks require in this country, at least when 
the buds are dormant, a protection against the winter. 
Where there are but few, oiled paper, or something of a 
similar nature, may be tied over the bud as a shelter from 
snow, rain, and sun ; but, when there are many, this is im- 
possible, and the stocks may be taken up, and "heeled" 
close together in a dry soil under a shelter of boards and 
mats. "HeeUng" is merely a temporary planting. 

In the following spring, the stocks may be cut off to 
within an inch of the bud, and then planted where they 
are to remain. When the bud is inserted near the 
ground, — which in our climate should always be done,— 
the stock should be planted in such a manner that the bud 
is a Uttle below the level of the earth. To this end, the 
stock should be set in a slanting position in the hole dug 
for it; the bud, of course, being uppermost, and about an 
inch below the level of the edge of the hole: then the 
hole should be partially filled in. When the bud has 



'^2 CULTURE OP THE ROSE. 

grown out to the height of six or eight inches, the hole 
may be filled altogether. No part of the stock wiU now 
be seen above the earth. By this means, the point of 
junction of the stock and the bud is protected from the 
cold of winter and the heat of summer, and the rose will 
live longer and thrive better than where the stock is 
exposed. In many cases, the rose will throw out roots of 
its own above its junction with the stock, and thus become 
in time a self-rooted plant. 

There are two kinds of stocks in common use at the 
present time for out-door roses. One is the Dog Rose, a 
variety growing wild in various parts of Europe ; the other 
is the Manetti Rose, a seedling raised by the Italian culti- 
vator whose name it bears. There can be no doubt, that, 
of the two, the Manetti is by far the better for this climate. 
It is very vigorous, very hardy, easily increased by layers 
or cuttings of the ripe wood, and free from the vicious 
habit of the Dog Rose, of throwing out long under-ground 
suckers. We would by no means say that it will not 
throw up an abundance of shoots from the roots if allowed 
to do so ; but these shoots are easily distinguished by a 
practised eye from those of the budded rose. They may be 
known at a glance by the peculiar reddish tint of the stem, 
and by the shape and the deep glossy hue of the leaves. 



CULTURE OP THE ROSE. 73 

They must be removed as soon as seen, not by cutting 
them off, but by tearing them off under ground, either by 
hand if possible, or with the help of a forked stick, which, 
pressed strongly into the earth, slips them off. at their junc- 
tion with the root. 

It cannot be denied that many kinds of roses, budded 
low on the Manetti stock, will grow with a vigor, and bloom 
with a splendor, which they do not reach on their own 
roots, and which will often repay the additional labor 
which they exact. We once planted in the manner above 
described a strong Manetti stock containing a single bud of 
the Hybrid Perpetual Rose,— Triomphe de I'Exposition. 
In the September following, it had thrown up a stem with 
several branches, the central shoot rising to the height of 
six feet and a half, and bearing on its top the largest and 
finest blossom we have ever seen of that superb variety. 
Some roses, however, will not grow well on the Manetti. 
Others, again, can scarcely be grown with advantage in 
any other way, refusing to strike root from layers, and 
often failing when the attempt is made to root them fi-om 
cuttings even of the soft wood. Some, even when rooted, 
remain feeble and dwarfish plants ; while, if a bud from 
them is implanted in a good Manetti stock, it would grow 
to a vigorous bush in one season. To sum up, we would 



74 CULTURE OF THE ROSE. 

say, that, for the amateur, nine roses out of ten are better 
on their own roots, while there are a few which can only 
be grown successfully, budded on a good stock. 



All the evil that can be spoken of budded roses is 
doubly true of grafted roses ; while the advantages which 
the former can claim are possessed in a less degree by the 
latter. The reason is, simply, that, in the case of the bud- 
ded rose, the junction between the stock and foreign variety 
is commonly more perfect than in the case of the grafted 
rose. Indeed, it would not be worth while to graft roses 
at all, were it not for the fact that grafting can be practised 
at times when budding is impossible. This is because it is 
indispensable, in budding, that the sap of the stock should 
be in full motion ; whereas, in grafting, it may be at rest. 

There are innumerable modes of grafting ; but, for the 
rose, the simplest form of what is called " whip-gi-afting " 
is perhaps the best. In the end of winter, or at the begin- 
ning of spring, take young well-rooted plants of the Ma- 
netti stock, having stems not much larger than a quill. 
Beginning very near the root, shave off with a sharp 
knife a slip of the bark, with a little of the wood, to the 



CULTURE OF THE ROSE. 75 

length of something more than an inch ; then shave down 
the lower end of the graft until it fits accm-ately the part 
of the stock whence the bark and wood have been pared 
off. The essential point is, that the inner bark of the 
graft should be in contact with the inner bark of the stock. 
When the two are fitted, bind them around with strings 
of wet bass-matting. Now plant the stock in a pot, setting 
it so deeply, that its point of junction with the graft is 
completely covered with soil. Place the pots thus pre- 
pared on a gentle hot-bed, and cover them closely with 
glass. When the shoots from the graft are well grown 
out, give them air by degi-ees to harden them. 

A better way is to pot the stocks early in autumn, so 
that they may become well estabhshed. In this case, it 
will be necessary to cover the junction of the stock and 
graft with grafting wax or clay in such a manner as to 
exclude all air; then plunge the pots in old tan over a 
gentle hot-bed, so deeply that the grafted part is completely 
covered, the ends only of the grafts being visible. This 
keeps them in an equable heat and moisture. The subse- 
quent treatment is the same as in the former case. As the 
stock has acquired a hold on the earth of the pot, or is, as 
the gardeners express it, " established," the graft will grow 
much more quickly, and make a strong blooming plant the 
same season. 



76 



CULTURE OP THE ROSE. 



In all grafting, whether of roses or other woody plants, 
it is necessary that the buds of the graft should be com- 
pletely dormant. In the stock, on the other hand, a slight 
and partial awakening of the vital action at the time the 
graft is put on seems rather beneficial than injurious 




In this mode of increasing roses, ^Tature, rather than the 
cultivator, may be said to do the work of propagation. 
Many sorts of roses throw out spontaneously long under- 
ground stems, from which roots soon issue, and which soon 
throw up an abundance of shoots above ground. When 
these suckers, as they are called, are separated from the 
parent, and planted apart, they make a strong growth, but 
rarely form plants so symmetrical as those raised from cut- 
tings or layers. 




1 




RAISING NEW VjlRIETIES. — A layer, a cut-, 
ting, a bud, a graft, and a sucker, are detached portions of 
an individual plant; and the plant resulting from them is of 
precisely tne same character with the parent. But, when 
the seed germinates, it is not the reproduction of the same 
individual, but it is the birth of a new one. The oifspring 
will show a family likeness ; but it is by no means probable, 
at least in the case of the rose, that its features will be 
precisely the same with those of its parent. Plant the 
seeds of a rose ; as, for example, of the Hybrid Perpetual, 
La Reine, and of the resulting seedlings : all will probably 
show traces, more or less, of their origin ; but the greater 
^:art will be fai- inferior to the parent. Some will be sin- 



77 



78 CULTURE OF THE ROSE. 

gle ; many will be half double ; and, among a large num- 
ber of seedlings, we shall be fortunate if we find two 
or three equal in beauty to La Reine herself Nor is it 
at all likely that even these will be her precise counter- 
parts. They may possibly be hei equals ; but they will 
not exactly resemble her : and thus we obtain a new and 
valuable acquisition to the list of roses. Now, if, instead 
of singly gathering and sowing the seeds of La Reine, we 
first impregnate its flowers with the pollen of a different 
variety, such as the Giant of Battles, our chance of a val- 
uable result is increased, because, if we are fortunate, we 
combine the desirable qualities of two sorts. It is not 
impossible that we may thus produce a rose combining the 
vigorous growth and large globular flowers of La Reine 
with some portion of the vivid coloring of the Giant of 
Battles. It is by the raising of seedlings with or without 
hybridization that the innumerable roses that decorate our 
gardens and fill the catalogues of nursery-men have been 
produced. M. Laffay, to whom more than to any other 
single cultivator we are indebted for bringing into exist- 
ence the splendid family of the Hybrid Perj^etual roses, 
raised in one year more than three hundred thousand 
seedlings. Of these, all but a small portion were, no doubt, 
pulled up, and thrown away as worthless, after their first 



CULTURE OF THE ROSE. 79 

blooming; the rest were allowed to stand for further 
trial : and if, finally, a score or two of roses really distinct 
and valuable were obtained, the year's culture may have 
been regarded as a great success. It requires a long time 
before the character of a seedling-rose can be thoroughly 
ascertained. M. Margottin, another eminent rose-grower, 
says that no conscientious cultivator will permit a seedling 
to pass out of his hands until he has given it a six-years' 
trial. 

The raising of roses from seed is an occupation of so 
much interest, that few who have fairly entered upon it 
have ever willingly abandoned it. Many choice roses 
have been raised by amateurs ; and those who have the 
time and means to enter on a large or a small scale upon 
this pursuit will find it a source of abundant enjoyment. 
In the next chapter, we shall point out the combinations 
fi-om which the existing classes of Hybrid roses have 
sprung; and hereafter, when we come to the description of 
these classes, we shall add a few suggestions as to other 
combinations likely to produce good results. 

Some roses bear seed freely, while others can hardly be 
induced to bear it at all. The hybridizer should take note 
of their peculiarities in this resj^ect, or he will throw away 
much labor and patience; for it is a thankless task to 



80 CULTURE OF THE ROSE. 

hybridize a rose, which, after all the labor spent upon it, will 
not produce a single seed-vessel. Fortunately, many of 
the best roses bear seed abundantly ; and La Reine, Gene- 
ral Jacqueminot, Jules Margottin, Madame Laffay, and 
many others as good as these, may confidently be relied on. 
It is a good rule, that no seedling-rose is worth preserv- 
ing, or at least worth propagating, that is not, in some one 
point, superior to or distinct from any other rose existing. 
Roses should be hybridized immediately after they open, 
or they will become thoroughly fertilized with their own 
l^ollen, and the object of the operation will thus be defeat- 
ed. The best time of the day is about ten o'clock in the 
morning, as soon as the sun has dried the dew from the 
centre of the flower. The pollen of the rose whose quali- 
ties it is wished to impart may be applied to the pistils of 
the maternal or seed-bearing flower with a camel's-hair 
pencil ; or one rose may be held over the other, and tapped 
with the finger till the pollen falls upon the pistils of. the 
seed-bearer. Roses are uncertain as to the production of 
pollen. In some seasons and some situations it is abun- 
dant, while in others it is produced very scantily. The 
impregnated roses may be marked by strings or labels 
tied to their stems. The seed should not be gathered till 
the first frost ; and, to insure its ripening, the plant should 



CULTURE OF THE ROSE. 81 

stand in a warm, sunny exposure. The pods should be 
laid in the sun to dry, then broken up, and the seed sepa- 
rated by means of a sieve. 

We have found the following mode of sowing a. success- 
ful one : A frame — a shallow hot-bed fi-ame answers per- 
fectly — should be prepared by making within it a bed of 
loam, old manure, leaf-mould, and sand, at least eighteen 
inches deep. These materials should be thoroughly mixed, 
and the surface layer for an inch or two in depth sifted 
through a moderately coarse sieve, and then levelled and 
smoothed. The seeds may be sown broadcast ; that is to 
say, scattered over the surface. They may be sown thickly, 
as not a third part will germinate ; and, when sown, they 
should be pressed firmly into the soil with a board or the 
back of a spade. Then the same soil should be sifted over 
them to the depth of half an inch, and pressed down very 
lightly. Some will prefer to sow them in drills, which 
should be about six inches apart; the seed in no case being 
more than half an inch deep. Now leave the frame open, 
and exposed to rain and frost. Just before the heavy 
snows begin, and when the whole is hard frozen, cover it 
with boards and mats, that it may remain frozen till 
spring. The object of this is' to protect the seeds from 
4^ mice, which are exceedingly fond of them. When the 



82 CULTURE OF THE ROSE. 

mild weather begins, open the frame, and allow the ground 
to thaw : keeping, however, a close watch upon them ; for, 
though these depredators like to do their work under 
cover and in darkness, there is still some little danger of 
their attacks. As the soil warms, the seeds will begin to 
come up. Some of the ever-blooming roses may blossom 
the first season ; but the Hardy June kinds will not show 
bloom before the third, or even the fourth year. If the 
plants are too crowded, pull up some of them when the 
ground is softened after a rain, and plant them in a bed by 
themselves. In the autumn, take them all up, and heel 
them in a mouse-proof frame for safe keeping through the 
winter. In the spring, plant them out in rich soil, a foot 
apart. They might, indeed, be wintered safely in the fi-ame 
where they originally grew : but this is attended with one 
disadvantage ; for many of the seeds will not germinate 
till the second year ; and, in removing the plants at that 
time, these infant seedlings would be destroyed ; whereas, 
by leaving them undisturbed, a second crop may be ob- 
tained. Care must be taken throughout to keep the frame 
free from weeds. 

The eminent English rose-grower, Mr. Rivers, recom- 
mends a method of raising seedlings, which we have not 
tried, but which we have no doubt is a good one, though 



CULTURE OF THE ROSE. 83 

not applicable to raising them on a large scale. We give 
his directions in his own words : — 

" The hips of all the varieties of roses will, in general, be 
fully ripe by the beginning of November : they should 
then be gathered, and kept entire in a flower-pot filled 
with dry sand, carefully guarded from mice. In February, 
or by the first week in March, they must be broken to 
pieces with the fingers, and sown in flower-pots, such as 
are generally used for sowing seeds in, called 'seed-pans;' 
but, for rose-seeds, they should not be too shallow : nine 
inches in depth will be enough. These should be nearly, 
but not quite, filled with a rich compost of rotten manure, 
and sandy loam or peat. The seeds may be covered to the 
depth of about half an inch with the same compost. A 
j^iece of kiln-wire must then be placed over the pot, fitting 
closely at the rim, so as to prevent the ingress of mice, 
which are passionately fond of rose-seeds. There must be 
space enough between the wire and the mould for the 
young plants to come up : half an inch will probably be 
found enough. The pots of seed must never be placed 
under glass, but kept constantly in the open air, in a full 
sunny exposure, as the wire will shade the mould, and 
prevent its drying. Water should be given occasionally 
in dry weather. The young plants will perhaps make their 
appearance in April or May ; but very often the seed will 
not vegetate till the second spring. When they ha^e 
made their ' rough leaves,' that is, when they have three 



84 CULTURE OF THE ROSE. 

or four leaves, exclusive of their seed-leaves, they must be 
carefully raised "with the poiut of a narrow pruning-kuife, 
potted into small pots, and placed* in the shade : if the 
weather be very hot and dry, they may be covered with a 
li:md-glass for a few days. They may remain in those 
pots a mouth, and then be planted out into a rich border : 
by the end of August, those that are robust growers will 
have made shoots long enough to take buds from. Those 
that have done so may be cut down, and one or two 
strong stocks budded with each : these will, the following 
summer, make vigorous shoots ; and the summer following, 
if lefl unpruned, to a certainty they will produce flowers. 
This is the only method to insure seedling roses flowering 
the third year : many will do so that are not budded ; but 
very ot\en the superior Viuieties are shy bloomers on their 
own roots, till age and careful culture give them strength. 
" It may be mentioned here, as treatment applicable to 
all seed-bearing roses, that^ when it is desirable the qualities 
of a favorite rose should preponderate, the petals of the 
flower to be fertilized must be opened gently with the 
fingers.* A flower that will expand in the morning should 

* " It requires some watolmiluoss to do this at the proper time : if too 
soon, the petals N^ill be iujurod in forcing them open ; and in hot weather, 
in July, if delayed only an hour or two, the anthers will be found to 
have shed their pollen. To aseertain precisely when the pollen is in a 
fit state for transmission, a few of the anthers should be gently pressed 
with the finger and thumb : if the yellow dust adherer to them, the oper- 
ation may be }vrformed. It requires close examination and some practice 



CULTURE OP THE ROSE. 85 

be oiDcned the afternoon or evening previous, and the 
anthers all removed with a pair of pointed scissors : the 
following morning, when this flower is fully expanded, it 
must be fertilized with a flower of some variety, of which 
it is desired to have seedlings partaking largely of its 
qualities. To exemplify this, we will suppose that a 
climbing Moss Rose with red or crimson flowers is wished 
for. The flowers of the Blush Ayrshire, which bears seed 
abundantly, may be selected, and, before expansion, the 
anthers removed. The following morning, or as soon after 
the operation as these flowers open, they should be fertil- 
ized with those of the Luxembourg Moss. If the operation 
succeed, seeds will be procured, from which the probability 
is that a climbing rose will be produced with the habit 

to know when the flower to be operated upon is in a fit state to receive 
the pollen : as a general rule, the flowers ought to be in the same state 
of expansion; or, in other words, about the same age. It is only in 
cai5es where it is wished for the qualities of a particular rose to predomi- 
nate that the removal of the anthers of the rose to be fertilized is neces- 
sary : thus, if a yellow climbing rose is desired by the union of the 
Yellow Brier with the Ayrshire, every anther should be removed from the 
latter, so that it is fertilized solely with the pollen of the former. In 
some cases, where it is desirable to have the qualities of both parents in 
an equal degree, the removal of the anthers need not take place ; thus I 
have found by removing them from the Luxemlxjurg Moss, and fertil- 
izing that rose with a dark variety of Rosa Gallica, that the features of 
the Moss Rose arc totally lost in its offspring, and they become nearly 
pure varieties of Rosa Gallica; but if the anthers of the Moss Rose are 
left untouched, and it is fertilized with Rosa Gallica, interesting hybrids 
are the result, more or less mossy. This seems to make supcrfctation 
very jjrobablc; yet Dr. Lindlcy, in 'Theory of Horticulture/ p. 332, 
' thinks it is not very likely to occur.' *' 



86 CULTURE OP THE ROSE. 

and flowers of the Moss Rose, or at least an approximation 
to them ; and as these hybrids often bear seed freely, by 
repeating the j)rocess with them, the at present apparent 
remote chance of getting a climbing Moss Rose may be 
brought very near. 

" I mention the union of the Moss and Ayrshire roses by 
Yv'ay of illustration, and merely to point out to the amateur 
how extensive and how interesting a field of operations is 
open in this way. I ought to give a fact that has occurred 
in my own experience, which will tell better with the 
sceptical than a thousand anticipations. About four years 
since, in a pan of seedling Moss roses was one with a 
most peculiar habit, even when very young : this has since 
proved a hybrid rose, partaking much more of the Scotch 
Rose than of any other, and, till the plant arrived at full 
growth, I thought it a Scotch rose, the seed of which had 
by accident been mixed with that of the Moss Rose, al- 
though I had taken extreme care. To my surprise, it has 
since proved a perfect hybrid, having the sepals and the 
fruit of the Provence Rose, with the spiny and dAvarf habit 
of the Scotch Rose: it bears abundance of hips, which are 
nil abortive.* The difference in the fruit of the Moss and 
Provence roses and that of the Scotch is very remark- 
able, and this it was which drew my particular attention 

* " It is more than probable, that, if the flowers of this rose were fertil- 
ized with those of the single Moss Rose, they would produce seed from 
which some curious hybrid Moss roses might be expected." 



CULTURE OF THE ROSE. 87 

to the plant in question. It was raised from tlie same seed 
and in the same seed-pan as the Single Crimson Moss Rose. 
As this strange hybrid came from a Moss Rose, accidental- 
ly fertilized, we may expect that art will do much more for 



Some of the more hardy kinds of climbing roses, as, for 
example, the Queen of the Prairies, may be induced to 
wear borrowed robes, and assume beauties beyond those 
with which Nature endowed them. At the proper season, 
they may be budded here and there with some of the 
most hardy and vigorous of the June and Hybrid Perpet- 
ual roses. As these varieties bloom earlier than the 
Prairie roses, the period of bloom of the climber will be 
greatly protracted by this process, while at the same time 
it will be made to bear flowers incomparably finer in form 
and color than its own. It will be necessary, however, in 
our Northern climate, to protect it by nailing mats over it, 
since otherwise many of the buds will be winter-killed ; 
and, as it is expected to yield more than its natural share 
of bloom, it should be stimulated with more than the usual 
manuring, and pruned more closely than the ordinary 
climbing roses. 



88 CULTURE OF THE ROSE. 




We have before spoken of the difficulty of cultivating 
standard roses, or roses budded on tall stems, in our cli- 
mate. It is possible, however, to produce a kind of stan- 
dard without a resort to budding. We may choose some 
of the most hardy and vigorous of the June roses, — we 
may find such especially in the class known as the Hybrid 
Chinas, — and encourage the growth of a single, strong, 
upright stem, removing all other shoots fi'om the base of the 
plant as fast as they appear. The stem should be kept 
straight by tying it to a stick till it has gained strength 
enough to hold itself erect. Thus, in a single season, we 
shall have, with some varieties, a stem five or six feet high. 
Early in spring, prune it down to the first healthy and 
plump bud. During the following season, allow no shoots 
to develop themselves, except at the top ; and, in the suc- 
ceeding spring, prune back these top-shoots to two or three 
eyes. All of these eyes will, in their turn, develop into 
shoots ; and these, again, are to be pruned back like the 
first. Thus, in two or three seasons, we obtain a thick 
bushy head at the top of a tall upright stem ; in short, a 
standard, capable of bearing even a New-England winter. 



CULTQRE OF THE ROSE. 89 




It is always better to prepare beds for roses in the 
autumn, that they may have the benefit of a thorough ex- 
])osuro to the winter frost. With this view, the soil should 
be thrown up into ridges as roughly as possible. It will 
then ])e thoroughly frozen through, and subjected to all 
the changes of temperature during the season. This will 
not only tend to destroy worms and noxious insects, but 
it will separate the particles of the soil, and leave it light 
and pliable. Soil thrown into ridges can also be worked 
earlier in the spring than that which is left at its natural 
level. 

The cardinal points of successful rose-culture are a good 
soil, good pruning, and good cultivation. By cultivation, 
we mean a repeated digging, hoeing, or forking of the 
earth around the plants, by which the surface is kept open, 
and enabled freely to receive the dew, rain, and air, with 
its fertilizing]: j^ases. Plants so treated will suffer fir le jS 
in a drought than if the soil had been left undisturbed; 
for not only will it now absorb the dew at night, hac it 
will freely permit the moisture which always existL at 



90 CULTURE OF THE ROSE. 

certain depths below the surface to rise, and benefit the 
thirsty roots. For a similar reason, the process of sub- 
soiling, or trenching, by which the earth is loosened and 
stirred to a great depth, is exceedingly beneficial to roses, 
since the lower portions of the disturbed soil are a maga- 
zine of moisture which the severest drought cannot 
exhaust. 

With newly-planted roses it is well to practise " mulch- 
ing " with manure ; or, in other words, to place manure on 
the surface around the roots of the plants. This keeps the 
ground moist and open, while every rain washes down a 
portion of nutriment to the roots. 



Roses may be planted in clumps, on the lawn, with far 
better efiect than when arranged in formal beds. They 
may be separated according to their classes, as June roses, 
Bourbons, Hybrid Perpetuals, Mosses, &c. ; and the effect 
,vill be vastly better, if, instead of mingling colors indis- 
criminately, each is placed by itself. Thus the pure white 
of Madame Plantier will form a rich contrast with the 
de ^p 3rim3cn of General Jacqueminot, the vivid rose of 



CULTURE OF THE ROSE. 



91 



Jules Margottin, the clear flesh-color of Ville cle Bruxelles, 
and the pale rose of Baronne Prevost, each massed by 
itself; while all these varied hues are beautifully relieved 
by the fresh green of a well-kept lawn with its surround- 
ing trees and shrubbery. 



I 





LIKE ALL things living, in the world of mind or 
of matter, the rose is beautified, enlarged, and strength- 
ened by a course of judicious and persevering culture, 
continued through successive generations. The art of hor- 
ticulture is no leveller. Its triumphs are achieved by rigid 
systems of selection and rejection, founded always on the 
broad basis of intrinsic worth. The good cultivator propa- 
gates no plants but the best. He carefully chooses those 
marked out by conspicuous merit ; protects them fi'om the 
pollen of inferior sorts ; intermarries them, perhaps, with 
other varieties of equal vigor and beauty ; saves their seed, 
and raises from it another generation. From the new 

95 



96 DESCRIPTION OF THE ROSE. 

plants thus obtained he again chooses the best, and re- 
peats with them the same process. Thus the rose and 
other plants are brought slowly to their perfect develop- 
ment. It is in vain to look for much improvement by mere- 
ly cultivating one individual. Culture alone will not make 
a single rose double, or a dull rose brilliant. We cultivate 
the parent, and look for our reward in the offspring. 

The village maiden has a beauty and a charm of her 
own ; and so has her counterpart in the floral world, — the 
wild rose that grows by the roadside. Transplanted to 
the garden, and, with its offspring after it to the fourth 
and fifth generation, made an object of skilful culture, it 
reaches at last a wonderful development. The flowers 
which in the ancestress were single and small become 
double in the offspring, and expand their countless petals 
to the sun in all the majesty of the Queen of Flowers. 
The village maid has risen to regal state. She has lost 
her native virgin charm; but she sits throned and crowned 
in imperial beauty. 

Now, all the roses of our gardens have some wild an- 
cestress of the woods and meadows, from whom, in the 
process of successive generations, their beauties have been 
developed, sometimes by happy accidents, but oftener by 
design. Thus have arisen families of roses, ead marked 



DESCRIPTION OF THE ROSE. 97 

with traces of its parentage. These are the patriciars of 
the floral commonwealth, gifted at once with fame, beau- 
ty, and rank. 

The various wild roses differ greatly in their capacity 
of improvement and development. In some cases, the off- 
spring grow rapidly, in color, fulness, raid size, with every 
successive generation. In other cases, they will not im- 
prove at all ; and the rose remains a wild rose still, good 
only for the roadside. With others yet, there seems to be 
a fixed limit, which is soon reached, and where improve- 
ment stops. It requires, even with the best, good culture 
and selection through several generations before the high- 
est result appears. In horticulture, an element of stability 
is essential to progress. When the florist sees in any rose 
a quality which he wishes to develop and perfect, he does 
not look for success to the plant before him, but to the 
offspring which he produces from this plant. 'But this 
production and culture must be conducted wisely and 
skilfully, or the offspring will degenerate instead of im- 
proving. 

There are different kinds of culture, with different 
effects. That which is founded in the laws of Nature, and 
aims at a universal development, produces for its result 

not only increased beauty, but increased symmetry, 

r 



98 DESCRIPTION OP THE ROSE. 

strength, and vitality. On the other hand, it is in the 
power of the skilful florist to develop or to repress what- 
ever quality he may please. By artificial processes of 
culture, roses have been produced, beautiful in form and 
color, but so small, that the whole plant, it is said, might 
be covered with an egg-shell. These are results of the 
ingenious florists of China and Japan. The culture that 
refines without invigorating, belongs, it seems, to a par- 
tial or perverted civilization. 

These several families of roses, resulting from the devel- 
opment of the several species of wild rose, have mingled 
together; in other words, they have intermarried: for 
Linnaeus has shown that " the loves of the flowers " are 
more than a conceit of poetical fancy. From the fertiliza- 
tion of the flowers of a rose of one family with the pollen 
of a rose of another family arises a mixed offspring, called 
hybrids. Seeds — which are vegetable eggs — are first 
produced ; and these seeds germinate, or hatch, into a 
brood of young plants, combining in some degree the 
qualities of their parents. As this process of intermixture 
may be carried on indefinitely, a vast number of ne w vari- 
eties has resulted from it. 

The botanical classificatioi? of the rose is a perplexity to 



DESCRIPTION OF THE ROSE. 99 

botanists. Its garden classification — quite another mat- 
ter — is no less a source of embarrassment to its amateur, 
not to say professional, cultivator. To many, indeed, its 
entire nomenclature is a labyrinth of confusion ; and some 
have gone to the length of proposing to abolish distinc- 
tions, which, in their eyes, seem arbitrary or fanciful. These 
distinctions, however, are founded in Nature, though the 
superstructure built upon her is sometimes flimsy enough 
to justify the impatience of its assailants. The chief diffi- 
culty arises from the extent to which the hybridization 
of the rose has been carried, and the vast entanglement of 
combinations which has resulted. Out of a propensity to 
classify, where, in the nature of things, precise classification 
is impossible, has arisen the equivocal and shadowy char- 
acter of many of the nominal distinctions. 

Omitting less important divisions, the following are the 
groups into which cultivated roses are ordinarily divided : 
The Provence,* the Moss,* the French,* the Hybrid China, 
the Damask,* the Alba,* the Austrian Brier,* the Sweet- 
brier,* the Scotch,* the Double Yellow,* the Ayrshire,* 
the Sempervirens,* the Multiflora,* the Boursault,* the 
Banksia,* the Prairie.* These bloom once in the season. 
The following are perpetual or remontant: The China,* 



100 DESCRIPTION OF THE ROSE. 

the Tea,* the Bourbon, the Hybrid Perpetual, the Perpet- 
ual Moss, the Damask Perpetual,* the Noisette, the 
Musk,* the Macartney,* the Microphylla.* 

Some of the above are marked with a star*: these are 
roses of pure blood. The rest are roses of mixed or hybrid 
origin. By the former are meant those which have sprung, 
without intermixture, from the wild roses which grew 
naturally in various parts of the world, and which are the 
only roses of which the botanical classifier takes cogni- 
zance. Many of them are of great beauty, and would be 
highly prized for ornamental uses, were they not eclipsed 
by the more splendid double varieties, which the industry 
of the florist has developed from them. Each of these 
groups of unmixed roses, however modified in form, size, 
or color, retains, as already mentioned, distinctive features 
of the native type from which it sprang. Yet it often 
happens that the name is misap^^lied. Thus a rose called 
Damask is not always a Damask, but a hybrid between 
a Damask and some other variety. The true distinctive 
features of the group are thus rendered, in some nominal 
members of it, so faint, that they can scarcely be recog- 
nized. Leaving these bastards out of view, we will con- 
sider at present only the legitimate oflspring of the various 
families of the rose. 



DESCRIPTION OP THE ROSE. 101 

On Mount Caucasus grows a single wild rose, from the 
seeds of which have sprung the numerous family of the 
Provence or Cabbage roses, very double, very large, and 
very fragrant. This race is remarkable for its tendency 
to sport, from which have resulted some of the most sin- 
gular and beautiful forms of the rose. For example, a 
rose-colored variety of the Provence produced a branch 
bearing striped flowers, and from that branch has been 
propagated the Striped Provence. The Crested Moss is 
the product of another of these freaks, being of the pure 
Provence race. The Common Moss, and all its progeny, 
have the same origin; being derived, in all probability, 
from a sporting branch of one of the Provence roses. 

The family of the French- Rose, or Rosa Gallica, is of 
vast extent, and, though including many diverse shades 
of color, — some pale, some bright, others spotted, strip^, 
or marbled, — is commonly recognized without much diffi- 
culty by its family features. It is a native of Southern 
Europe. 

The wild progenitor of the Damask or Damascus roses 
is a native of Syria. The name Damask, by the way, is 
popularly applied to deep-colored roses in general ; but its 
floral signification is very difierent. In this group, for the 
first time, we meet with a feature, which, desirable as it is, 



102 DESCRIPTION OF THE ROSE. 

was not many years since regarded as rare and exceptional. 
June has always been regarded as the month of the rose ; 
but some of the Damasks have the peculiarity of blooming 
twice, or more than twice, during the season. These have 
been placed in a group by themselves, and christened 
Damask Perpetuals. The remoyitant character, however, 
is not confined to them ; for individual plants belonging 
to groups and varieties which usually bloom but once 
will sometimes display an autumnal bloom. Thus the 
common wild rose of New England is now and then to be 
seen covered with flowers in September ; and there is little 
doubt, that, from the seeds of these twice-blooming individ- 
uals, a new race of hardy remontant roses might be pro- 
duced. It should be added, that many of the so-called 
Damask Perpetuals are not pure Damask, but crossed 
with the blood of other families. 

Of the remaining races of pure blood, the Alba is 
reauarkable for the delicate coloring of its flowers ; the 
greater part being, as the name imports, white, or nearly 
so. The original variety grows wild in Central Europe. 

The Austrian Brier is another family, of features very 
strongly marked. Yellow and copper are its prevailing 
colors ; and from its habit of growth, and the color of its 
twigs, it is easily recognized under all its forms. Its origi- 



DESCRIPTION OF THE ROSE. 103 

nal types are natives of the south of Europe, and probably 
of Persia; to which country we owe its finest develop- 
ment, — the well-known Persian Yellow. 

The Double Yellow Rose, Rosa Sulphurea, remarkable 
for its beauty, and, in our climate, notorious for its intracta- 
ble and uncertain character, is regarded by some botanists 
as belonging to a group distinct from the preceding. The 
Single Yellow, from which it musrhave sprung, has been 
found wild in the north of India. 

The Sweet-brier, found wild in various parts of the 
world, is too well known to need further notice. The 
American variety differs distinctly from the European. 

The Scotch roses owe their origin to the dwarf wild 
rose of Scotland. The Ayrshire is a family of climbing 
roses, originating from the wild trailing rose, Rosa Arven- 
sis, common in the British islands. The best of them are 
said, however, to be hybrids between this rose' and other 
species. The Boursault roses are descendants of Rosa 
Alpina, a native of the Alps ; and no family is more clearly 
marked by distinctive features. The Sempervirens and 
the Multiflora are, with us at least, less familiar. Both are 
climbers, like the former ; the one originating from a wild 
rose of Italy, the other from a wild rose of Japan. The 
Banksia, with its smooth, shining leaves, and slender, green 



104 DESCRIPTION OF THE ROSE. 

stems, is well known in every greenhouse. Its progenitor 
is a native of China or Tartary, and the improved varieties 
are chiefly due to the labors of Chinese florists. 

There is another race of climbers, held in great scorn by 
foreign florists, but admirably adapted to our climate, 
under whose influences they put forth beauties by no 
means contemptible. These are the progeny of the wild 
Michigan or Prairie Rose, rampant growers, and generally 
sturdy enough to outface our hardest winters. The best 
of them, however, the Baltimore Belle, is evidently the 
ofispring of a foreign marriage, which, while contributing 
fi*agrance and beauty to the rugged race of the prairies, 
has detracted something from its hardihood. The union, 
probably accidental, seems to have been with the Tea Rose 
or the Noisette. 

Of the foregoing groups, all except the Damask Perpet- 
ual are once-blooming. The following have, to a greater 
or less extent, the desirable character of a continued or 
successive bloom. 

The Macartney Rose is a wild rose of China, from which 
a few improved varieties have been raised from seed. Its 
evergreen shining foliage is its most attractive feature. 
The Microphylla, or Small-leaved Rose, is closely akin to 
the Macartney, and, like the latter, is a native of the East. 



DESCRIPTION OF THE ROSE. 105 

The Musk is a rose much more familiarly known. It 
descends from a Persian or Syrian progenitor, and its 
vigorous growth, rich clusters of bloom, and peculiar 
fragrance, have long made it a favorite. But Ijy fjir the 
most interesting and valuable among the unmixed races 
of ever-blooming roses are the numberless offspring of 
Rosa Indica, in its several varieties. To it we owe all the 
China and Tea-scented roses, while to its foreign alliances 
we are indebted for a vast and increasing host of brilliant 
hybrids. 

Thus, from the families of pure blood, we come at length 
to those in which is mingled that of two or more distinct 
races. Convey the pollen of a China rose to the stigmas 
of a French, Damask, or Provence rose, and from the 
resulting seed an offspring arises different from either 
parent. Hence a new group of roses known as the Hybrid 
Chinas. The parents are both of moderate growth. The 
offspring is usually of such vigor as to form with readiness 
a pillar eight feet high. Its foliage is distinct, its bloom 
often as profuse and brilliant as that of the China, and its 
constitution as hardy, or nearly so, as that of the French 
Rose. Unlike the former, it blooms but once in the year, 
or only in a few exceptional instances show^s a straggling 
autumnal flower. By a vicious system of subdivision, the 



106 DESCRIPTION OF THE ROSE. 

group has been separated into Hybrid China, Hybrid Bour- 
bon, and Hybrid Noisette. The two latter are the same 
as the first : except, in the one case, a slight infusion of the 
Damask Perpetual ; and, in the latter, of the Musk Rose. 
In many cases, no human discernment could detect the 
effects of the admixture. 

Again : convey the pollen of the China or Tea Rose to 
the flowers of the Musk, or vice versa / and for a result we 
obtain the Noisette, inheriting from the former various 
striking cliaracteristics of foliage and bloom, and from the 
latter its vigorous climbing habit and clustering inflores- 
cence. But, by impregnation through several generations, 
some of the Noisettes retain so little of their Musk parent, 
that its traits are almost obliterated : they no longer bloom 
in clusters, and can scarcely be distinguished from the 
pure Tea Rose. 

Again : a union of a Damask Perpetual with a China 
rose has produced a distinct race, of vigorous habit and 
peculiar foliage, possessing in a high degree the ever- 
blooming character of both its parents. It is hardier than 
the China Rose, though usually unable to bear a New-Eng- 
land winter unprotected. This is the Bourbon Rose, a 
brilliant and beautiful group, worth all the care which in 
this latitude its out-door culture requires. 



DESCRIPTION OF THE ROSE. 107 

The Moss Rose, impregnated with various ever-blooming 
varieties, has borne hybrids partially retaining the mossy 
stem and calyx, with a tendency more or less manifest to 
bloom in the autumn. Hence the group of the Perpetual 
Moss, a few only of whose members deserve the name. 

It is evident, that, by continuing the process of hybrid- 
izing, hybrids may be mixed with hybrids, till tlie blood 
of half a score of the original races is mingled in one 
plant.- This, in some cases, is, without doubt, actually the 
case; and this bastard progeny must, of necessity, be 
classified rather by its visible characteristics than by its 
parentage. Thus a host of ever-blooming hybrids, which 
are neither Noisette nor Bourbon nor Perpetual Moss, 
have been cast into one grand grou]), under the compre- 
hensive title of Hybrid Perj^etuals. Whence have they 
sprung? What has been their parentage ? The question 
is easier asked than answered : for as, in a great nation of 
the West, one may discern the lineaments and hear the 
accents of diverse commingled races ; so here we may trace 
the features of many and various families of Indian or 
Siberian, Chinese or European, extraction. The Hybrid 
Perpetuals, however, inherit their remontant character 
chiefly from Rosa Indica, — the China or Tea Rose, — and, 
in a far less degree, from the Damask Perpetual. An infu- 



108 DESCRIPTION OF THE ROSE. 

sion of the former exists, in greater or less degree, in all 
of them; while the blood of the Damask Perpetual shows 
its traces in comparatively few. Many of the group are 
the results of a union between the Hybrid China roses 
and some variety of the China or Tea. Others owe their 
origin to the Hybrid China and the Bourbon, both parents 
being hybrids of Rosa Indica. Others are offspring of the 
Hybrid China crossed with the Damask Perpetual ; while 
many spring from intermarriages within the group itself, — 
Hybrid Perpetual with Hybrid Perpetual. 

By some over-zealous classifiers, this group has been cut 
up into various subdivisions, as Bourbon Perpetual, Rose 
de Rosomene, and the like ; a procedure never sufficiently 
to be deprecated, as tending to produce no results but per- 
plexity and confusion. Where there, can be no definite 
basis of division, it is well to divide as little as may be ; 
and it is to be hoped that secession from the heterogeneous 
commonwealth of the Hybrid Perpetuals will be effect- 
ually repressed. In regard to roses in general, while a 
classification founded on evident natural affinities is cer- 
tainly desirable, yet, in the name of common sense, let us 
avoid the multiplication of new hybrid groups, founded on 
flimsy distinctions, and christened with new names, which 
begin with meaning little, and end with meaning nothing. 



DESCRIPTION OF THE EOSE. 



109 



In our enumeration of the families and varieties of the 
rose, we shall make two great divisions, — that of the 
" Summer," or once-blooming, and that of the " Autum- 
nal," or " ever-blooming " roses. In each of these divis- 
ions, we shall place first the roses of unmixed race, and, 
after them, the hybrids which have sprung from their com- 
binations. 





THESE ARE roses which bloom but once in the 
year; hence they have lost favor of late: for superb families 
of roses, fully equal in beauty, if not in hardiness, and en- 
dowed with an enviable power of renewing or perpetuating 
their charms, — of smiling in October as well as in June, 
and glowing in full effulgence even on the edge of winter, 
— have dazzled us into a forgetfulness of our ancient fa- 
vorites. 

Yet all the poetry of the rose belongs to these old 
roses of summer. It is they that bloomed in white 
and red in the rival shields of York and Lancaster; 

and it is they that, time out of mind, have been the 
no 




DESCRIPTION OF THE ROSE. Ill 

silent interpreters of hearts too full to find a ruder utter- 
ance. 

For the rest, they are, in the main, very hardy, very 
easy of culture, and often very beautiful. 



m^msm^ 



Rosa CentifoUa. — This is the family of the old, ^xvW- 
known, and deservedly admired Cabbage Rose. Its anc:'s- 
tors, as we have seen, grew on Mount Caucasus; thoii; li 
some have supposed that it is a native of the south of 
France : hence the name Provence, by which it is often 
known in England, though it is never so designated in 
France. The French, translating its Latin name, Rosa 
CentifoUa, or the Hundred-leaved Rose, commonly call 
it Rose a Cent Feuilles. It is supposed to have been 
known to the Romans, and to have been one of their 
favorite roses ; and it was introduced into England before 
the end of the sixteenth century, where at least, until 
these latter days, it has been greatly admired and pnzed. 
Recently, however, the introduction of the families of 
hardy, ever-blooming roses, has thrown the Cabbage and 
all its compeers into the shade. Nevertheless, it is one of 
the most desirable of flowers ; and even those who are dis- 



112 DESCRIPTION OF THE ROSE. 

posed to pass it by with slight regard will never deny that 
some of the progeny which have arisen from it are unsur- 
passed in beauty and attractiveness. It is remarkable 
among roses for the singular changes, in horticultural lan- 
guage called " sports," which it has assumed, and which, 
among other results, have given rise to the entire family 
of Moss roses, of which we shall speak in the next section. 
The prevailiug colors in this group are light. The 
Cabbage Rose is a somewhat weak grower in a heavy soil, 
though in a light soil it grows vigorously. As a general 
rule, it needs close pruning. The members of the family 
are numerous ; but, besides the Old Cabbage, the following 
are the best : The Dutch Provence is remarkable for the 
size of its flowers, in which respect it even surpasses the 
Old Cabbage. The Unique Provence is probably a sport 
from the Old Cabbage ; that is to say, an accidental varia- 
tion of the flowers on some particular branch ; which branch 
being propagated, the accidental features become perma- 
nent. The Unique Provence, which is pure white, has, in its 
turn, produced another sport, called the Striped Unique, 
the flowers being white, striped with lake ; though they 
are very capricious in their coloring, sometimes opening 
pure white, and occasionally light rose. But a more re- 
markable sport of the Provence is the variety called the 



DESCRIPTION OF THE ROSE. ' 113 

Ceested Peovence, Rosa Ceistata, or, very commonly 
among us, the Cbested Moss. It is not, however, a true 
Moss, as its stems are smooth. Its peculiarity consists in a 
curious and very beautiful mossy growth about the calyx. 
This growth is developed in proportion to the vigor of the 
plant: therefore it should be strongly manured and closely 
pruned, as should the whole race of Provence roses. Ade- 
line, the Due de Choiseul, the Stadtholdek, and, above 
all, the Reeste de Provence, are beautiful varieties of this 
group. To it also belong a sub-group of Miniature or 
Pompone roses, well suited for edging beds. They bloom 
early, and are exceedingly pretty and graceful. Among 
the best of them are the White Buegundy, the Dwakp 
BiTEGUNDY, De ]VIeaux, and Spong. 

The above are all old roses ; for it is rarely that a culti- 
vator of the present day will give himself the trouble to 
raise new varieties of any of the June roses, excepting 
always the Mosses, which can never be out of favor. 



ttilii:M0HB^m^Bi» 



Hosa Centifolia Muscosa. — We have spoken of the 
tendency of the Provence Rose to "spoit." The most 
widely known and the most beautiful of the results arising 



114 DESCRIPTION OF THE ROSE. 

from this tendency is the Moss Rose and its varieties ; for 
that such is the true origin of this unique family, there can 
be very little doubt. There is, however, no record of the 
first appearance of the Moss Rose. The original type of 
the race — the Old Red Moss — was introduced into Eng- 
land as early as 1 596. It came immediately from Hollandj 
but seems not to have originated there : indeed, to this 
day, we have remained in doubt as to whence it drew its 
birth. Of the large number of Moss roses now on the 
lists of nursery-men, some owe their origin to sporting 
branches, others to seed. Of the plants arising fi'om the 
seed of a Moss rose, not more than one in three will 
show the characteristic of the parent ; that is, the " moss : " 
the rest will be mere varieties of the Provence Rose. 
Sometimes a Moss rose will put forth a branch perfectly 
free from the mossy covering. 

In cold, heavy soils. Moss roses are somewhat difficult 
of cultivation ; but in a hght, rich loam, and a sunny expo- 
sure, free from roots of growing trees, they thrive luxuri 
antly. They all require high enrichment. All excepting 
the strongest growers should be closely pruned ; and, in 
the Northern States, it is well to give them protection in 
winter by means of pine-boughs, or by laying them down 
like raspberries. 



DESCRIPTION OF THE ROSE. 115 

Here, as in other classes of the rose, the hybridist has 
been at work. By impregnating Moss roses with the 
pollen of some of the ever-blooming sorts, a group of Per- 
petual Mosses has been produced. These have, to a 
greater or less extent, the ever-blooming quality ; but this 
is acquired at some sacrifice of the peculiar beauty of the 
moss. They will receive a separate notice. Again : these 
roses have been fertilized with the pollen of the Hybrid 
China Rose ; and the result is a Moss rose, remarkably 
vigorous in growth, and particularly well suited to form 
pillars. Any, however, of the more vigorous Mosses may 
be used for this purpose, provided always that they 
receive the highest culture in a warm and open exposure. 
We have it on the authority of the well-known English 
rose-grower, Mr. Paul, that, in the garden of an amateur 
near Cheshunt, there is a pillar of the Old Red Moss 
fifteen feet high ! 

At the present day, when the annual progeny of new 
Perpetual roses from the nurseries of France, with a hum- 
ble re-enforcement from those of England, has eclipsed 
by numbers the old garden favorites, the well-remembered 
roses of our infancy, the Moss alone stands in tranquil 
defiance of this gay tide of innovation. Nothing can 
eclipse and nothing can rival her. She is, and ever will 



116 DESCRIPTION OF THE ROSE. 

be, the favorite of poetry and art ; and the eloquence of 
her opemng buds, half wrapped in their mpssy envelope, 
will remain through all generations a chosen interpreter of 
the language of youth and beauty. 

Alice Le Roy is a distinct and beautiful rose, very 
large, full, and mossy ; color, lilac and rose ; form, cupped : 
it grows vigorously. Angelique Quetier is also of a 
rosy-lilac hue, large, very double, and very mossy : it grows 
freely, like the former. The Blush Moss is of growth 
somewhat more moderate : the flower is large and full, the 
foliage fine, and stems and buds well mossed ; color, clear 
pale pink. Celina is of a deep, rosy crimson, sometimes 
verging to j^urple. The Common, or Old Moss, is still 
one of the most beautifulof the whole family. Its flowers 
are large and full, and of a pale rose-color and globular 
form. It is more abundantly mossed than most of its 
progeny ; and none of them surpass it, indeed very few 
equal it, in the beauty of its half-opened bud. Its gi'owth 
is tolerably vigorous, and foliage fine. Laneii is a vigor- 
ous and beautiful rose ; flowers large, full, and globular ; 
color, a light rosy-crimson. The buds are large, full, and 
well mossed; its growth is vigorous; and, under good cul- 
tivation, the whole plant, with its large and bright-green 
foliage, bears a striking appearance of thrift and health. 



DESCRIPTION OF THE ROSE. 117 

LuxEMBOtTRG is of a deep crimson, moderately double, and 
of growth nearly as vigorous as the last, with which the 
deep hue of its buds forms a striking contrast. Malvina 
is a good rose, with clusters of pink flowers. Eclat ante 
is of a deep pink, large, double, and well mossed. Com- 
TESSE DE MuEiNAis is One of the best of the White 
Mosses. Its flowers, though not so double as the Old 
Moss, are large, and of the purest white ; and the growth 
is very vigorous. The Crimson or Tinwell Moss some- 
what beUes its name ; for its flowers are rather of a deep 
rose than crimson. It is, however, a beautiful variety. 
Princess Adelaide is remarkable for the extreme vigor 
of its growth, and is evidently a hybrid of some of the 
Hybrid Bourbon or Hybrid China roses. It is admirably 
suited for a pillar or a wall, but requires a full sun, and, if 
closely pruned, will not bloom at all. It blooms in large 
clusters : the flowers are of a light glossy rose, very large 
and full ; and, if not too closely pruned, they are very 
abundant. The White Bath is an admirable White 
Moss, large and full in flower, and exquisite in bud. As it 
is of moderate growth, it will bear close pruning. Pro- 
lific is a very beautiful variety, resembling the Old Moss. 
Baronne db Wassenaer is a very vigorous rose, of a 
bright red, and flowering in clusters. Captain Ingram 



118 DESCRIPTION OF THE ROSE. 

is of a dark, Telvety puri3le. Gloiee des Mousseuses is 
very large and double, and of a blush-color. Rosa Bon- 
HEUR is of a bright rose-color. Nuits d'Young is of a 
very dwarfed growth, and small deep-purple flowers. 
Vandael is purple, edged with lilac. 

The above afford excellent examples of the various 
characteristics of the family of the Mosses. Additions in 
considerable number are still made to it every year; but it 
is very rarely that any decisive improvement upon the old 
varieties is shown in the recent seedlings. 

" Moss roses, when grown on their own roots, require a 
light and rich soil : in such soils, they form fine masses of 
beauty in beds on lawns. The varieties best adapted to 
this purpose are the Common Moss, the Prolific, the Lux- 
embourg, the Crimson, and Lane's Moss. Plants of these 
are procurable at a moderate price ; and, by pegging down 
their shoots with hooked sticks, the surface of the bed will 
be covered with a mass of foliage and flowers. They re- 
quire the same severe pruning as the Provence Rose. To 
have a succession of flowers on the same bed, half of the 
shoots may be shortened in March, the remainder the be- 
ginning of May, pruning closely as recommended for the 
Provence roses. By this method, the blooming season 
may be prolonged from a fortnight to three weeks. They 
should have an abundant annual dressing of manure on 



DESCRIPTION OF THE ROSE. 119 

the surface in November, and the bed lightly stirred with 
the fork in February. . . . 

" To raise Moss roses from seed is a most interesting 
employment for the genuine rose amateur ; such a pleasing 
field is open, and so much may yet be done. The follow- 
ing directions will, I hope, assist those who have leisure, 
perseverance, and love for this charming flower. A plant 
of the Luxembourg Moss, or one of the Celina Moss, and 
one of the Single Crimson Moss, should be planted against 
a south wall, close to each other, so that their branches 
may be mingled. In bright, calm, sunny mornings, in 
June, about ten o'clock, those flowers that are expanded 
should be examined by pressing the fingers on the anthers. 
It will then be found if the pollen be abundant : if so, a 
flower of the former should be shaken over the latter; or, 
what perhaps is better, its flower-stalks should be fastened 
to the wall, so that the flower will be kept in an erect 
position. Then cut a flower of the Luxembourg Moss, strip 
ofi* its petals with a sharp pair of scissors, and place the 
anthers firmly, but gently, upon a flower of the Single 
Crimson, so that the anthers of each are entangled : they 
will keep it in its position : a stiff* breeze will then scarcely 
remove it. The fertilizing will take place without further 
trouble, and a fine hip full of seed will be the result. To 
obtain seed from the Luxembourg Moss, I need scarcely 
say that this operation must be reversed. A wall is not 
always necessary to ripen seed ; for in dry soils, and airy, 



120 DESCRIPTION OF I^HE ROSE. 

exposed situations, the above Moss roses bear seed in 
tolerable abundance. The treatment of the hips, sowing 
the seed, and the management of the young plants, as 
applicable to all, has already been given." — Bivers. 




Bosa Damascena. — Any deeply colored rose is popu- 
larly called a Damask ; but the true Damask — the rose 
of Damascus — is of various shades, from the darkest to 
the lightest. All these varieties have sprung from one 
origin, — the wild rose of Syria, which was introduced into 
England in the year 1573, or, according to some writers, 
much earlier. It is this rose from which is made the rose- 
water of the East, and on this the Eastern poets and their 
Western imitators have lavished the wealth of their fancy. 
In poetry, indeed, the Damask Rose has woven more gar- 
lands than the Moss. Nor is it unknown to history, since 
the five hundred camel-loads of rose-water with which the 
Sultan Saladin purified the Mosque of Omar after it had 
been used as a Christian church were doubtless distilled 
from its leaves. But, without falling into an anachronism, 
it is hardly possible to claim for it, as some have done, the 



DESCRIPTION OP THE ROSE. 121 

honor of having been the renowned Red Rose of Lan- 
caster. 

Both the Damask and the Provence roses are extensively 
cultivated in France and England for the purpose of mak- 
ing rose-water. 

The Damask is very hardy, vigorous of gi'owth, and 
abundant in bloom. Its shoots are full of spines, and its 
leaves of a light green. Its old original varieties are 
wholly eclipsed by those which the industry of the florist 
has produced fi'om their seed. The following are among 
the best of these : — 

La Ville de Bruxelles is a veiy beautiful rose, of 
delicate waxy tint and vigorous growth. Madame Stoltz 
is of a pale straw or lemon color. Madame Soetmans 
is of delicate cream-color, tinged with buff. Madame 
Haedy is a large and very full rose of the purest white. 
It has but one fault, — that of sometimes showing a green 
bud in the centre. But for this, it would be almost unri- 
valled among white roses. Leda is of a blush tint, edged 
with lake. 

There are but few new varieties of this family, as the 
double sorts do not bear seed freely. 



122 



DESCRIPTION OF THE ROSE. 



MiriiKSHMj^;im 



Hosa Alba. — The parent of the Alba, or White roses, 
is a native of Central Europe. The species is so called 
from the prevailing delicacy of hue in its varieties, many 
of which are of a pure white, while none are of a deeper 
coloring than a bright pink. The original stock is spine- 
less ; but many of its progeny, in consequence, probably, 
of hybridization, have spines in greater or less number. 
The upper surface of the leaves has a glaucous or whitish 
tinge, and the shoots are of a clear green. 

Felicite is a large double rose, of a delicate flesh-color, 
and a most symmetrical shape. La Seduisante is of a 
bright rose in the centre, shading into flesh-color at the 
circumference: it rivals the last in the perfection of its 
shape. Madame Audot is of a pale flesh-color. Madame 
Legeas is a white rose of a peculiar delicacy, and very 
graceful in its habit of growth. The Queen of Den- 
MAEK is of a clear rosy i^ink. Sophie de Maesilly is 
of a delicate rose-color, slightly mottled, and, when half 
opened, is a rose of remarkable beauty. 

The Alba roses bloom abundantly, and form in masses a 
beautiful contrast, in their chaste and delicate hues, with 



DESCRIPTION OP THE ROSE. 123 

the deeper colors of the French and Hybrid China roses. 
They rarely bear seed freely. 




gl^pi^s 




Mosa Gallica. — This rose draws its origin from the 
south of Europe, where its wild progenitor still grows 
abundantly in the hedges. It is one of the best known, 
and longest under cultivation, of all the species. We 
confess our strong partiality for it. It is perfectly hardy, 
compact in growth, abundant in bloom, beautiful in form, 
and rich and various in coloring. It will grow and bloom 
anywhere, and endures neglect with a patience unknown to 
most others of its race. Yet none better rewards a care- 
ful and generous culture. It returns a rich response to 
the care bestowed upon it; and, under high cultivation, the 
members of this grouj) have no superiors in beauty. It 33 
not, however, in favor at the present day. Roses of equal 
beauty, though*^ not of equal hardihood, and endowed 
with the one valuable quality in which it is wanting, — 
that of continuous or repeated blooming, — have, of late, 
supplanted it. We may as well say here, while protesting 
against the neglect into which the hardy June roses have 
fallen, that, of the so-called Perpetuals, a great many 



124 DESCRIPTION OF THE ROSE. 

are undeserving of the name. Some, even with tolerably- 
good treatment, rarely show a flower after the June 
blooming ; and none will put forth freely and abundantly 
in autumn, without more pains in the management than 
most persons are willing to bestow. 

The French Rose has been known in England since the 
close of the sixteenth century. It is very prolific, and 
innumerable seedlings have been raised from it. Some of 
these produce flowers exceedingly double, of the most 
vivid color, and remarkable even now for the symmetry 
of their forms. Among the rest is a great variety of mar- 
bled, striped, and spotted roses, which, though curious and 
interesting, are certainly less beautiful than the "self- 
colored" sorts. 

The varieties of this rose formerly catalogued and culti- 
vated might be numbered by hundreds. Of these, it is 
needless to mention any but a few of the best and most 
distinct. 

BouLA DE Nanteuil is a rose of the richest crimson - 
purple, with a centre, at times, of a vivid red. It varies, 
however, very much in difierent seasons, and, while some- 
times splendid in coloring, is occasionally dull and cloudy. 
Gkandissima is of a deep purplish-rose, very large and 
double. KJEAN closely resembles it. Adele Prevost is 



DESCRIPTION OP THE ROSE. 125 

of a silvery blush. Blanchefleur is white, with a tinge 
of flesh-color. Cynthia is of a pale rose. The Duchess 
OF BuccLEUGH is of a dark rose. Ohl is of a deep crim- 
son and scarlet, and, when grown in perfection, is one of 
the finest roses in existence. La Reijste des Francais is 
also of a bright crimson. Perle des Panachees is white, 
striped with rose ; and OEillet Parfait is white, striped 
with Ught crimson, much like a carnation. D'Aguesseau, 
Gloire de Colmar, Latour d'Auvergne, Triomphe 
DE Jaussens, Letitia, Napoleon, Due de Valmy, and 
Transon Goubault, are all excellent roses of this family. 

" To grow them fine for exhibition, as single blooms or 
* show-roses,' the clusters of buds should be thinned early 
in June, taking at least two-thirds of the incij)ient flowers 
from each : manure should also be laid round their stems 
on the surface, and manure-water given to them plentifully 
in dry weather. With this description of culture, these 
roses will much surpass any thing we have yet seen in this 
country. 

"Although the varieties of this group are summer roses 
only, their period of flowering may be prolonged by judi- 
cious pruning ; and for this purpose two trees of each variety 
should be planted, one to be pruned in October, the other 
early in May, or just when the buds have burst into leaf: 
these will give a regular succession of flowers. In pruning, 



126 DESCRIPTION OF THE ROSE. 

cut out with a sharp knife all the spray-like shoots, end 
then shorten to within six or eight buds of their base all 
the strong shoots (by such I mean those that are above 
fifteen inches in length) : the weak shoots cut down to two 
or three buds. This is the pruning required by the Alba, 
Damask, and Hybrid Provence roses. . . . 

" To raise French roses from seed, they should be planted 
in a warm, dry border sloping to the south, in an open, 
airy situation : the shade of trees is very pernicious to 
seed-bearing roses. The following kinds * may be selected, 
as they bear seed freely : The Tuscany Rose, a very old 
variety, with rich, deep crimson, semi-double flowers ; also 
Ohl and Latour d'Auvergne. The two latter should have 
their flowers fertilized with the pollen of the Tuscany Rose, 
and some fine crimson roses will probably be raised. The 
Village Maid and CEillet Parfait are the most eligible to 
raise striped roses from : if their flowers are deficient in 
pollen, they should be fertilized with those of Rosa 
Mundi." — Rivers. 



^^i^i^^m 



JRosa Indica Hyhrida. — This class has been divided 
by some writers into three; viz.. Hybrid China, Plybrid 

* Some of the roses recommended for seed-bearing are old varieties, 
which may be procured from any old-fashioned English rose-nursery. 



DESCRIPTION OP THE ROSE. 127 

Noisette, and Hybrid Bourbon. The division seems to us 
needless, for the reason that all these, on analysis, resolve 
themselves into hybrids of the Chinese Rose, since both 
the Noisette and the Bourbon owe their distinctive char- 
acter to their Chinese parentage. The hybrids of the 
Noisettes are usually inclined to bloom in clusters : those 
of the Bourbons are distinguishable by their large, smooth, 
and thick leaves. 

This class, then, may be defined as the offspring of inter- 
marriage of the French and other June roses with the 
Chinese Rose and its hybrids. It has, however, none of 
the ever-blooming qualities which distinguish the China 
roses. . It is remarkable, as a class, for vigor of growth, in 
which, strange as it may appear, it surpasses, in some cases, 
both its parents. Most of the Hybrid China roses are, 
moreover, perfectly hardy even in the climate of the North- 
ern States ; and they are admirably adapted for forming 
pillars. For this purpose, they should be planted in a very 
deep and rich soil. If the soil is naturally poor, dig it out 
to the width and depth of three feet, and replace it with 
a mixture of strong loam and old manure. Some of the 
Hybrid Chinas thus generously treated, and trained and 
pruned in the manner recommended in a former chapter, 
will form most gorgeous decorations of a garden ; for in 



128 DESCRIPTION OF THE ROSE. 

the size of the flowers, in beauty of form, and brilliancy 
of color, some of the varieties are unsurpassed. Every 
autumn, the surface of the soil around the stem should be 
covered with manure to the depth of several inches ; and 
this should be allowed to remain throughout the summer, 
renewing it as often as necessary, after a previous forking- 
up of the soil, which this covering or "mulching" enriches, 
at the same time that it keeps it moist and cool. 

The following are among the best of this family of 
roses: Beauty of Billiard, of vigorous growth, and 
bright-scarlet and crimson flowers. Brenis^tjs, or Beutus, 
is a superb rose, of great size, and strong, rapid growth. 
Blairii, No. 2, is particularly adapted for a pillar rose ; its 
bloom being very profuse. The color of its flowers is 
pink or blush. Geokge the Fourth is an old rose raised 
some forty years ago by the excellent English cultivator, 
Mr. Rivers. Its bright crimson color and its neat foliage 
make it very attractive, though it is less double than 
some other varieties. The Duke of Devonshire is of a 
lilac-color, striped with white, and perfect in form; its 
petals overlapping with the greatest regularity. Charles 
Duval is of a deep pink ; Charles Lawson, of a vivid 
rose. Chenedole is regarded by many as the best rose of 
the class ; for its color is the brightest and clearest crimson, 



DESCRIPTION OF THE ROSE. 129 

and its flowers are large and very full. Inferior roses, 
however, are frequently sold under its name, especially in 
this country. Coupe d'Hebe is remarkable both for the 
perfection of its cup-like form, and for the delicate rose- 
color of its petals. Its growth is very vigorous ; and, 
like most of its kindred, it is perfectly hardy. General 
Jacqueminot is a large purplish-crimson rose. It must 
not be confounded with the Hybrid Perpetual of the same 
name. Fulgens is of a deep crimson. Teiomphe de 
Bayeux is white, and an excellent j^illar-rose. Madame 
Plantier is also white, but very distinct from the last; 
for, as it sj^rang on the mother's side from the Noisette, 
it blooms in clusters. Its individual flowers are surpassed 
by those of one or two other white roses ; but the extraor- 
dinary profusion of its bloom, its graceful habit, its neat 
foliage, and its hardy, enduring nature, make it, on the 
whole, the best rose of its color in cultivation. Paul 
Perras is Bourbon on the mother's side, as is also Paul 
RiCAUT. The first is of a pale rose, the second of a bright 
crimson. Vivid is a seedling of the English rose-grower, 
Mr. William Paul. Its flowers are not large, but they are 
of the most vivid crimson; and the vigorous habit of 
the plant makes it very suitable either for a pillar or a 
trellis. 



130 DESCRIPTION OF THE ROSE. 

" When grown as large standards, these roses require 
peculiar pruning. If their shoots are shortened too much, 
they will grow vigorously, but give no flowers. They 
should, therefore, be thinned out, so that the head of the 
tree is not at all crowded, and then be shortened to within 
twelve buds of their base : a crop of fine flowers will then 
be produced. This is the pruning to be done either in the 
early part of November or in February : we will call it the 
winter pruning.* There is another mode of pruning these 
roses, partly in summer, which will be found highly eligi- 
ble. Thin out the shoots in the winter, and leave a selected 
number of those that are most vigorous nearly their full 
length, merely cutting ofi" their tips : these will be loaded 
with blossoms so as to make the trees quite pendulous. 
As soon as the blooming season is past, shorten them all 
to within six inches of their base. They will immediately 
put forth strong shoots, which, while in a very young 
state, thin out, leaving those that are the most vigorous. 
These shoots treat in the same manner the following year. 
By this method of pruning, a pendulous, graceful head is 
formed, instead of a stifij formal one, so common to stand- 
ard roses. In pruning these roses, when trained as pillars, 
the spurs from the shoots fastened to the stake merely 

« 

* These directions, it will be remembered, are for the climate of 
England. The November pruning will not do here; indeed, it will 
require much precaution to make even the hardy roses succeed as 
standards. 



DESCRIPTION OF THE ROSE. 131 

require thinning out, so as not to be crowded, and then 
shortened to within five or six buds of their base. Trained 
as pillar-roses, they give flowers often too abundantly ; so 
that they are small and ill-shaped : it is, therefore, often a 
good practice to thin the flower-buds as soon as they can 
be distinguished. 

" I shall now proceed to give a list of those roses, from 
which, in combination with others, choice seedlings may 
be raised. 

"The Duke of Devonshire, in a very warm and dry soil, 
will produce hips in tolerable abundance; and, as it is 
inclined to be striped, it would possibly form a beautiful 
combination with some striped rose, which should b^ 
planted with it. 

"Riego, which partakes of the Sweet-brier, might be 
made the parent of some beautiful brier-like roses by 
planting it with the Splendid Sweet-brier. 

" General Allard, a hybrid rose, from which Monsieui 
Lafiay raised his perpetual rose, Madame Lafiay, is much 
inclined to give a second series of flowers. This rose 
should be planted in a very warm border, or trained 
against a south wall with Bourbon Gloire de Rosomenes ; 
and, if carefully fertilized with it, some beautiful crimson 
autumnal roses would probably be originated. Chenedole 
may also be subjected to the same treatment. What a 
fine autumnal rose one like it would be ! " — Mivers. 



132 DESCRIPTION OF THE ROSE. 



JRosa Spinosissima. — The original Scotch Rose is a 
wild dwarf rose, common in Scotland and the north of 
England. As it bears seed in great abundance, as these 
seeds vegetate freely, and as the Scotch gardeners have 
taken pride in multiplying and improving this native 
growth of the soil, the number of varieties is nominally 
immense. Many of them, however, are scarcely to be dis- 
tinguished the one from the other. The flowers are small, 
and exceedingly numerous. They bloom earlirr than 
most roses, and show various shades of crimson, rose, 
white, and yellow, or rather straw-color; for the yellow 
Scotch Rose is apparently a hybrid. They are useful for 
covering banks and forming clumps where masses of 
bloom are required. Nothing can exceed their hardiness, 
and they increase abundantly by suckers. A list of named 
varieties of the Scotch Rose would, from their multiplicity, 
and want of distinctness, be even more unsatisfactory than 
the florist's lists of pansies or verbenas. The following, 
however, are good: — 

La Neige is pure white, and very double. Guy Man- 
NEKiNG is of a deep blush. Sulphukea, Lady Baillie, 



DESCRIPTION OF THE ROSE. 133 

and the Marchioness of Lansdowne, are of a pale straw 
or sulphur color. The Yellow Scotch is of a deeper 
yellow tint. Flora, Daphne, Erebus, Venus, and the 
Countess of Glasgow, are of deep shades of rose and 
crimson. 

"Scotch roses, when grown into beds and clumps as 
dwarfs, are beautiful ; and in early seasons they will bloom 
nearly a fortnight before the other summer roses make 
their appearance. This, of course, makes them desirable 
appendages to the flower-garden. They bear seed pro- 
fusely ; and raising new varieties from seed will be found 
a most interesting employment. To do this, all that is 
required is to sow the seed as soon as ripe, in October, in 
pots or beds of fine earth, covering it with nearly an inch 
of mould: the succeeding spring they will come up, and 
bloom in perfection the season following. 

" The aim should be to obtain varieties with large and 
very double crimson flowers: this can only be done by 
slightly hybridizing; and to effect this it will be necessary 
to have a plant or two of the Tuscany Rose trained to a 
south wall, so that their flowers are expanded at the same 
time as the Scotch roses in the open borders : unless thus 
forced, they will be too late. Any dark-red varieties of 
the Scotch roses, such as Venus, Erebus, oi* Flora, should 
be planted separately from others, and their flowers fertil- 
ized with the above French Rose. Some very original 



134 DESCRIPTION OP THE ROSE. 

deep-colored varieties will probably be obtained by this 
method. Sulphurea and one or two other straw-colored 
varieties may be planted with the Double Yellow Austrian 
Brier; and most likely some pretty sulj^hur-colored roses 
will be the result of this combination." — Bivers.. 



Hosa Lutea. — This is a small family of roses, very 
distinct in all its characteristics; a native of Southern 
Europe and of some parts of the East. It is seldom 
that any seedlings have been obtained from it, as its 
flowers, even in the single varieties, are usually barren. 
They may, however, be made productive by fertilizing 
them with the pollen of other varieties. Its stems 
are spiny, and of a reddish or brownish color. Its 
leaves are small, and its growth somewhat straggling. 
The colors of its flowers are copper and yellow in 
various shades. It should not be pruned too closely ; 
but the shoots may with great advantage be pinched 
back in midsummer, thus causing them to throw out a 
great number of lateral shoots, and con*ecting the loose 
and straggling habit of the bush. The bloom, with this 
treatment, is very profuse. 



DESCRIPTION OP THE ROSE. 135 

The best known roses of this family are five in number. 
The Single Austrian Yellow and the Single Aus- 
trian Copper may be regarded as the original types of 
the species. William's Double Yellow is an English 
seedling of a pale-yellow color. Harrison's Yellow is 
an excellent yellow rose, originated in America. It is 
very vigorous in growth, and, on the whole, the best yel- 
low rose for general cultivation. The Persian Yellow, 
liowever, is of a much deeper hue, and is unrivalled in its 
way. It is one of those roses which are feeble on their 
own roots, but grow very vigorously either on the Dog 
Rose or on the Manetti stock. It is said to have origi- 
nated, as its name imports, from Persia. 

A moist soil, and a dry, pure air, are essential to the 
gi"owth of all this family of roses. 

" 'No family of roses offers such an interesting field for 
experiments in raising new varieties from seed as this. 
First we have the Copper Austrian, from which, although 
it is one of the oldest roses in our gardens, a double flow- 
ering variety has never yet been obtained. This rose is 
always defective in pollen ; and consequently it will not 
bear seed unless its flowers are fertilized. As it will be 
interesting to retain the traits of the species, it should be 
planted with and fertilized by the Double Yellow : it will 
then, in warm, dry seasons, produce seed, not abundantly ; 



136 DESCRIPTION OF THE ROSE. 

but the amateur must rest satisfied if he can procure even 
one hijD-ful] of perfect seed. 

" The beautiful and brilliant Rosa Harrisonii, however, 
gives the brightest hopes. This should be planted with 
the Double Yellow Brier: it will then bear seed abun- 
dantly. No rose will, perhaps, show the effects of fertiliz- 
ing its flowers more plainly than this; and consequently, to 
the amateur, it is the pleasing triumph of Art over Nature. 
Every flower on my experimental plants, not fertilized, 
proved abortive ; while, on the contrary, all those that were 
so, produced large black spherical hips-full of perfect seed. 
The Persian Yellow does not seem inclined to bear seed ; 
but it may be crossed with Rosa Harrisonii, and, I trust, 
with some good effect." — Mivers. 



TM £ D U B #^^ t LOW R b s;^ E . 



Hosa Sulphurea. — This beautiful rose is difiicult of 
cultivation both in England and in this country, though in 
Italy and the south of France it groAvs and blooms luxuri- 
antly. Its original species is found growing wild, and 
yielding single flowers, on the Himalaya Mountains, and 
also, it is said, in Persia. Only two varieties are in culti- 
vation, — the Double (called also the Yellow Prov- 
ence) and the Dwarf Double. The climate of the 



DESCRIPTION OF THE HOSE. 137 

Southern and Middle States is far more suitable to them 
than that of the North ; though it is more than probable, 
that, with careful and judicious treatment, they would do 
well even here. They need a rich diet, and a sunny and 
airy situation, to induce them to expand their flower-buds, 
which are provokingly apt to fall before opening. They 
are also very liable to the attacks of insects. The difficulty 
of the cultivation of this rose is greatly to be lamented, 
since it surpasses even the Persian Yellow in beauty. 

"Various situations," says Mr. Rivers, "have been recom- 
mended. Some have said, 'Plant it against a south wall;' 
others, 'Give it a northern aspect, under the drip of some 
water-trough, as it requires a wet situation.' All this is 
quackery and nonsense. The Yellow Provence Rose is a 
native of a warm climate, and therefore requires a warm 
situation, a free and airy exposure, and rich soil : a wall 
with a south-east or north-west aspect will be found eligi- 
ble. Give the plants surface-manure every autumn, and 
water with manure-water in May ; jDrune with the finger 
and thumb in summer, as recommended for the Persian 
Yellow.* 

"At Burleigh, the seat of the Marquis of Exeter, the 
effect of situation on this rose is forcibly shown. A very 

* M. Godefroy, a French nursery-man, has cultivated it as a pillar- 
rose, in a free and open situation, with much success. Manuring as 
above, and summer pruning, are indispensable. 



138 DESCRIPTION OF THE ROSE. 

old plant is growing against the soutliern wall of the man- 
sion, in a confined situation, its roots cramped by a stone 
pavement: it is weakly, and never shows a flower-bud. In 
the entrance-court is another plant, growing in front of a 
low parapet wall, in a good loamy soil, and free, airy expo- 
sure : this is in a state of the greatest luxuriance, and 
blooms in fine perfection nearly every season. 

" Mr. Mackintosh, the gardener, who kindly pointed out 
these plants to me, thought the latter a distinct and supe- 
rior variety, as it was brought from France by a French 
cook a few years since ; but it is "certainly nothing but the 
genuine Old Double Yellow Rose. 

" In unfavorable soils, it will often flourish and bloom 
freely if budded on the Musk Rose, the common China 
Rose, or some free-growing hybrid China Rose ; but the 
following pretty method of culture I beg to suggest: Bud 
or graft it on some short stems of the Rosa Manetti. In 
the autumn, pot some of the strongest plants ; and, late in 
spring, force them with a gentle heat, giving plenty of air. 
It will now also be very interesting to plant trees of this 
variety in orchard-houses : this seems to me to be the 
exact climate requii'ed by it. By this method, the dry 
and warm climate of Florence and Genoa may, perhaps, 
be partially imitated ; for there it blooms in such profu- 
sion, that large quantities of its magnificent flowers are 
daily sold in the markets during the rose-season. 

" The following extract relative to this rose is from the 



DESCRIPTION OF THE ROSE 139 

quaint old book, ' Flora, Ceres, and Pomona, by Jolin Rea, 
Gent., 1G55,' showing that budding and double-budding 
of roses and trees is no new idea : ' The Double Yellow 
Hose h the most unapt of all others to bear kindly and fair 
flowers, unless it be ordered and looked unto in an espe- 
cial manner. For whereas all other roses are best natural, 
this is best inoculated upon another stock. Others thrive 
and bear best in the sun, this in the shade. Therefore the 
best way that I know to cause this rose to bring forth fair 
and kindly flowers is performed after this manner : First, 
in the stock of a Francford * Rose, near the ground, put 
in a bud of the Single Yellow Rose, which will quickly 
shoot to a good length ; then, half a yard higher than the 
place where the same was budded, put into it a bud of the 
Double Yellow Rose ; which growing, the suckers must 
be kept from the root, and all the buds rubbed ofl*, except 
those of the kind desired; which being grown big enough to 
bear (which will be in the two years), it must in winter be 
pruned very near, cutting off all the small shoots, and only 
leaving the biggest, cutting off" the tops of them also, as 
far as they are small ; then in the spring, when the buds 
for leaves come forth, rub off the smallest of them, leaving 
only some few of the biggest, which by reason of the 
strenjxth of the stock aflbrdingr more nourishment than any 
other, and the agreeable nature of the Single Yellow Rose 

* This is the Frankfort Rose, a variety of Rosa Gallica, with very 
double flowers, one of our oldest garden-roses. 



140 DESCRIPTION OF THE ROSE. 

(from whence it is immediately nomished), the shoots will 
be then strong, and able to bear out the flowers if they be 
not too many, which may be prevented by nipping ofl" the 
smallest buds for flowers, leaving only such a number of 
tlie fairest as the tree may be able to bring to perfection; 
which tree should stand something shadowed, and not too 
much in the heat of the sun, and in a standard by itself, 
rather than under a wall. These rules being observed, 
we may expect to enjoy the full delight of these beautiful 
roses, as I myself have often done by my own practice in 
divers trees so handled, which have yearly borne store of 
fair flowers, when those that were natural, notwithstand- 
ing all the helps I could use, have not brought forth one 
that was kindly, but all of them either broken, or, as it 
were, blasted.' " 



Mosa Muhignosa. — This is the Eglantine of the poets, 
celebrated in song by bards known and unknown to fame, 
from Milton down to the rustic rhymer oflering the trib- 
ute of his untutored Muse to the charms of some vil- 
lage beauty. 

Nothing is easier than its cultivation ; but, to our mind, 
it loses half its attraction when transplanted from its 



DESCRIPTION OF THE ROSE. 1-il 

native road-side or thicket into the garden. From its 
perfect hardiness and free growth, it is sometimes used as 
a stock for budding or grafting. The fragrance of its 
leaves readily distinguishes it from other species. 

Most of the named varieties under this head in the cata- 
logues of nursery-men are hybrids ; sometimes, as in the 
case of the Double-margined Hip, or Madeline, retain- 
insj little trace of the Sweet-Brier. Amonoj the best are 
the Monstrous Sweet-Brier, the Carmine, the Celes- 
tial, the Splendid, the Scarlet, the Rose Angle, 
the Royal, and the Superb. 




JRosa Alpina, — This familiar climbing rose is easily 
known by its long shoots, nearly or quite free fi-om thorns, 
and the reddish tinge, shaded into green, which marks the 
stems of most of the varieties. Its parent is a native of 
the Alps, and it is perfectly hardy. The flowers grow in 
clusters. In the Old Red Boursault, they are semi- 
double, and indifferently formed ; but some of the other 
varieties show great improvements both in shape and 
color. They are excellent climbing or pillar roses, and 
require less sun to develop their flowers than most other 



142 • DESCRIPTION OF THE ROSE. 

species. Like other climbing roses, they should be pruned 
but little, though the old stems should be well thinned 
out. 

Amadis, or the Ckimson Boxjrsault, is of a deep 
purplish-crimson, with large semi-double flowers. The 
Blush Bouesault is, in its flowers, larger and more full 
than most others of the species. They are of a deep flesh- 
color, passing into a lighter shade towards the edge. It 
can scarcely owe its qualities to the Boursault race alone, 
but seems to be a hybrid of some of the Chinese roses. 
When in perfection, it is much the best of the group, but 
requires a warmer and brighter aspect than the others. It 
is, however, perfectly hardy. This variety is also called 
Calypso, De l'Isle, The White Boursault, and Flori- 
da. Inermis Elegans and Gracilis are the only other 
varieties of the group that need be mentioned here. 




Mosa Arvensis Hyhrida, — The origin of the Ayrshire 
Rose has been the subject of some discussion among bota- 
nists and cultivators. It is generally supposed, however, 
to have sprung from the seed of a wild trailing rose com- 
mon in Great Britain and in Western Europe, the flowers 



DESCRIPTION OF THE ROSE. 143 

of which had been impregnated by accident or design 
with the pollen of some other species. The Ayrshire roses 
are known in Europe for their astonishing vigor of growth ; 
some species, it is said, growing nearly thirty feet in a 
year, — an achievement which we never knew them to 
equal in this country. Their growth, however, is very rap- 
id; and, when once established, their long, slender shoots 
quickly possess themselves of every object near them. As 
may be gathered from their name, most of them originated 
in Scotland. In Europe, these roses are valued as standard 
weepers, since, when budded on tall stocks, they form huge 
heads of pendulous foliage and bloom. Doubtless they 
would succeed as well or better in our Southern and Mid- 
dle States ; but in the North they would probably require, 
in common with other standard roses, a careful protection 
against the changes of the seasons. 

Bennett's Seedling and the Dundee Rambler have 
white flowers ; those of the last being not fully double. 
The Countess of Lieven is creamy-white and semi- 
double. Splendens is white, edged with red; and the 
Queen of the Belgians is of a cream-color. The 
Ayrshire Queen is of a dark crimson-purple, and less 
vigorous in growth than the rest. Ruga is of a pale flesh- 
color. Like the last, it is a hybrid, probably between the 



144 DESCRIPTION OF THE ROSE. 

Tea Rose and one of the Ayrshires ; for it has much of the 
fragrance of the former. 

"I have a steep bank of a hard white clay," says an 
English writer, " which, owing to a cutting made in the 
road, became too steep for cultivation. About sixteen 
years since, this was planted with Ayrshire and other 
climbing roses. Holes were made in the hard soil with a 
pick, two feet over and two feet deep ; some manure mixed 
with the clay, after it had lain exposed to frost to mellow 
it, and climbing roses planted. This bank is, when the 
roses are in bloom, a mass of beauty : I have never seen 
any thing in climbing roses to equal it. On another bank, 
they are gradually mounting to the tops of the trees: 
none of them have ever been pruned. Ayrshire roses, as 
articles of decoration in places unfitted for other ornamen- 
tal climbers, are worthy of much more attention than they 
have hitherto received. 

The following extract from the "Dundee Courier" of 
July 11, 1837, will give some idea how capable these roses 
are of making even a wilderness a scene of beauty : — 

" Some years ago, a sand-pit at Ellangowan was filled 
up with rubbish found in digging a well. Over this a 
piece of rock was formed for the growth of plants which 
prefer such situations, and amongst them were planted 
some half-dozen plants of the Double Ayrshire Rose, 
raised in this neighborhood about ten years ago. These 



DESCRIPTION OP THE ROSE. 145 

roses now most completely cover the whole ground, — 
a space of thirty feet by twenty. At present they are in 
full bloom, showing probably not less than ten thousand 
roses in this small space." 




Hosa Sempervirens. — This is a climbing rose of very 
vigorous growth, a native of the middle and south of 
Europe. The garden varieties originated from it bloom 
in clusters of small and usually very double flowers, of 
which the prevailing tints are light, varying from delicate 
shades of rose and pink to a pure white. They are not 
absolutely evergreen, but only partially so, retaining their 
bright, glossy leaves till spring, provided they are planted 
in shady and sheltered places, as under trees, or in the 
angles of walls, but dropping them in open situations. In 
England they have come into great favor as pillar-roses, 
and for covering walls, banks, or unsightly objects in the 
garden or on the pleasure-ground. Budded on tall stems 
of the Dog Rose, they form pendulous standards of magni- 
ficent proportions ; rivalling, in this respect, the Ayrshire. 
Whether such standards would be equally successful in 
the Northern States, is, to say the least, doubtful. 

10 



146 DESCRIPTION OP THE ROSE. 

Most of the varieties of the Evergreen Rose now most 
in esteem were originated in the gardens of Neuilly, near 
Paris, by M. Jacques, gardener to King Louis Philippe. 
One or two are crossed with the Musk Rose ; whence they " 
acquire a fragrance in which their own race is deficient. 
Bankslefloea is one of these. It has small double 
white flowers. FiLiciTi Pekpetuee, in spite of its pre- 
posterous name, is one of the most beautiful of climbing 
roses ; and trained as it sometimes is in European gardens, 
drooping in graceful festoons from pillar to pillar on sup - 
porting wires, or mantling some unsightly dead trunk 
with its foliage of shining green and its countless clusters 
of creamy white flowers, it forms one of the most attrac- 
tive objects imaginable. Thin out its shoots ; but do not 
prune them, since, if they are much shortened, they will 
yield no flowers whatever. Give it a rich soil, with au- 
tumnal top-dressing of manure ; a treatment good for the 
whole group, and, indeed, for all climbing roses. Donna 
Makia has pure white flowers. Its growth is less vigor- 
ous than others, its foliage light green, and it blooms in 
large clusters. Mykianthes Renoncule has flowers of 
a pale peach-color, drooping in large clusters, and in form 
resembling a double ranunculus. Rosa Plena is of a 
bright flesh-color, large and double. Princesse Marie is 



DESCRIPTION OP THE ROSE. 147 

reddish-pink. Fortune's Yellow is a native of China 
and Japan, and is sometimes included in this class. It is of 
a bright fawn-color, with a tinge of copper ; beautiful under 
shelter, but will not bear a whiter exposure in the North- 
ern States. It is of comparatively recent introduction. 
Ramp ANTE blooms profusely in clusters of pnre white. 
Flora is of a bright rose ; Leopoldine d'Orleans, white, 
tinged with rose ; and Spectabilis, rosy-Hlac. 

While some of this race are perfectly hardy, others will 
require protection against a Northern winter. The ease 
of their culture, their rapid growth, and their admirable 
effect where masses of flowers and verdure are desired, 
will commend them all to favor in the Middle and South- 
ern States. 

. "I know of no rose idea," says Mr. Rivers, "prettier 
than that of a wilderness of evergreen roses, the varieties 
planted promiscuously, and suffered to cover the surface 
of the ground with their entangled shoots. To effect this, 
the ground should be dug, manured, and thoroughly 
cleaned from perennial weeds, such as couch-grass, &c., 
and the plants planted from three to five feet asunder. If 
the soil be rich, the latter distance will do. They must be 
hoed amongst, and kept clean from weeds after planting, 
till the branches meet : they will then soon form a beautiful 
mass of foliage and flowers, covering the soil too densely 



148 DESCRIPTION OP THE ROSE. 

for weeds of minor growth to flourish. Those weeds that 
are more robust should be pulled out occasionally; and 
this is all the culture they will require. For temples, col- 
umns, wire-fences, which they soon cover with beauty, 
and verandas, their use is now becoming well known. 
One of the most complete temples of roses is that at the 

seat of Warner, Esq., Hoddesdon, Hertfordshire; and 

the prettiest specimens of festooning these roses from one 
column to another by means of small iron chains (strong 
iron wire will do) may be seen at Broxbourn Bury, near 

Hoddesdon, the seat of Bosanquet, Esq. 

"... About six or eight years ago, I received, among 
others, some very stout short stocks of the Dog Rose : 
they were not more than two feet in height, but stouter 
than a large broom-handle, the bark thick and gray with 
age. They were planted, and grew most luxuriantly. I 
was for some little time at a loss what varieties to bud 
them with ; for, be it remembered, all stout and old rose- 
stocks require to be worked with very strong-growing 
sorts of roses, to take off the abundance of saj:), and keep 
them in a healthy state. At last, in a mere freak of fancy, 
I had them budded with some varieties of the Evergreen 
Rose {Hosa Sempervirens). They grew most luxuriantly; 
and after a year or two, not being trees adapted for sale, 
they were planted in a sloping bank of strong white clay, 
and left to grow and bloom as Nature dictated : not a 
shoot was ever touched with the pruning-knife. 



DESCRIPTION OP THE ROSE. 149 

" One of these trees is on a stem a trifle more than two 
feet in height, and it has been these two or three summers 
past a picture of beauty. When in full bloom, the ends 
of its shoots rest on the ground, and it then forms a per- 
fect dome of roses : nothing in rose-culture can really be 
more beautiful. It will be at once seen with what facility 
such stout, short, old rose-stocks can be found in any 
hedge. They may be planted in the kitchen-garden, bud- 
ded with the above-mentioned sort, and, to give variety in 
color, with some of the following kinds, — all varieties of 
Rosa Sempervirens, Myrianthes, Jaunatre, Adelaide d'Or- 
leans, and Spectabilis. Every bud will succeed, as no 
roses grow more freely ; and, after remaining one season 
from budding in their * nursery,' some nice places must be 
found for them on the lawn, where, unpruned, unchecked, 
they will, with all the freshness of unassisted Nature, annu- 
ally delight the eye of the lover of flowers." * 



C'iSS^SWsJfeejC) 



JRosa Multiflora. — The parent of this family belongs 
to Japan and China. With few exceptions, we cannot 
recommend them to Northern cultivators for growth in 
the open air, as they bear our winters but indifierently, 

* This will do for the Southern States. Unhappily, it will not do 
in New England. 



150 DESCRIPTION OP THE ROSE. 

and, in some cases, are killed outright. Russelliah'a, or 
Scarlet Geevillia, blooms in large clusters of a rich, 
dark lake, changing to various shades of red and lilac, so 
that the cluster presents a curious diversity of hue. As it 
is extremely vigorous in growth, it would make an admi- 
rable pillar or climbing rose, were it but a little more 
hardy. It would, no doubt, succeed if the pillar were 
protected during winter by fastening around it a covering 
of pine or spruce boughs. These exclude sun, but not air; 
so that the rose is not exposed to the dangers from damp- 
ness which attend a compact mass of straw soaked by 
rain and snow. As Russelliana bears pruning better 
than most climbing roses, it may be grown as a bush ; in 
which state it has flourished here for a number of years 
without protection. De la Geiffekaie may also be 
grown as a bush with perfect success as far North as Bos- 
ton. It gives a great abundance of blush and rose-colored 
flowers, forming a high mound of bloom. Lauea Da- 
vousT forms an admirable greenhouse stock for rafter 
roses. Indeed, it is well worth a place for its own sake. 
Its small double flowers of bright pink and flesh-color, 
changing to white, are produced in large and graceful 
clusters, beautiful from the varieties of shade which they 
exhibit. Caemin Veloute, Alba, and Coccinea are also 



DESCRIPTION OF THE ROSE. 151 

good varieties of this family, the value of which is greatly 
diminished by the imperfect liardiness of many of its 
members. 



•4 



|i;>^ T icL C Ltirnlj inc^ r\bsesv 



The following are roses of doubtful parentage, several 
of them much esteemed abroad ; though, for the most part, 
they have not been sufficiently tried here to establish their 
merit and their hardiness in our Northern climate. All 
those named below bear an English winter. 

Madame d'Arblay, or Wells's White, is of a light 
flesh-color, and its growth is exceedingly vigorous. The 
Gaeland is of a light fawn-color, changing to white, and 
blooms in large clusters of double flowers, which turn to 
pink before fading. Sir John Sebright has small semi- 
double crimson flowers, a color valuable in a climbing rose, 
because not very common. Menoux is also crimson. 
Indica Major is of a pale blush. Among others under 
this head may be mentioned Astrolabe, Bengale For- 
midable, Queen, and Clair. The last, however, is but 
a moderate grower for a climbing rose. 

" Among climbing roses, but few can be found that will 
bear seed in England, the Ayrshire roses excepted, from 



152 DESCRIPTION OP THE ROSE. 

some of which it is probable that some fine and original 
climbers may be raised. A most desirable object to obtain 
is a dark crimson Rosa ruga : this may possibly be accom- 
plished by planting that favorite rose with the Ayrshire 
Queen, and fertilizing its flowers very carefully with those 
of that dark rose. It is remarkable, that although these 
roses are both hybrids, from species apj^arently very re- 
mote in their affinities, yet both of them bear seed, even 
without being fertilized. The Blush Ayrshire, a most 
abundant seed-bearer, may also be planted with the Ayr- 
shire Queen, the Gloire de Rosomenes, the Double Yellow 
Brier, Single Crimson Moss, Celina Moss, the China Rose 
Fabvier, and its flowers fertilized with the pollen of these 
roses : if any combination can be efiected, pleasing results 
may reasonably be hoped for. To ' make assurance doubly 
sure,' the anthers of the Ayrshire Rose should be removed 
from some of the flowers with which the experiment is 
tried." — Rivers. 




Rosa Banhsia. — This very beautiful and very singular 
family more resembles in bloom a double Spiraea pruni- 
folia, dwarf almond, or Chinese plum, than a rose. Its 
shoots are long, flexible, and graceful, and its foliage of a 
deep, polished green. In the flowering season, each shoot 



DESCRIPTION OP THE ROSE. 153 

is like a pendulous garland of white, yellow, or rose-colored 
blossoms, small in size, and countless in number. It is not 
hardy here, or even in England ; but it is one of the few 
once-blooming roses that are worth training on a green- 
house rafter. We have found it to succeed in a house 
without fire, with the protection of straw placed around it 
in winter. It will then bloom in the spring. 

This rose is a native of China, and was named in com- 
pliment to Lady Banks. In Italy and the south of France 
it grows to perfection, climbing with an astonishing vigor, 
and covering every object within its reach. According to 
the French writer Deslongchamps, there was in 1842 a 
Banksia Rose at Toulon, of which the stem was, at its base, 
two feet and four inches in circumference; while the 
largest of the six branches measured a foot in girth. Its 
foliage covered a space of wall seventy-five feet wide, and 
about eighteen feet high; and it sometimes produced 
shoots fifteen feet long in a single year. It flowered in 
April and May; from fifty to sixty thousand of its double 
white blossoms opening at once, with an efiect which the 
writer describes as magical. This remarkable tree was 
then about thirty-four years old. Deslongchamps also 
describes another Banksia Rose at Caserta, in the king- 
dom of Naples, which climbed to the top of a poplar 



154 DESCRIPTION OF THE ROSE. 

sixty feet high, killed it with its embraces, and mantled 
its lifeless form with its rich green drapery, and its flowery 
garlands and festoons of white. 

Banksian roses must not be shortened much ; for, if they 
are, they will not bloom. The branches may be thinned 
out, however, to any degree necessary. The strong, thick 
shoots of overgrown proportions, and often but half 
ripened, which they sometimes make towards the end of 
summer, should be cut out, as they draw too much life 
from the blooming part of the plant. The same rule will 
also apply to many other species. These gross and im- 
mature shoots occur in many roses, both in the open 
gi'ound and under glass ; and, as they rarely produce good 
flowers, they should not be sufiered to rob the rest of the 
plant of its nourishment. 

The Double White Banksia is the best known, and 
one of the most beautiful. Jaunatre Pleine is of a 
primrose yellow. Jatjne Serin is of a bright yellow. 
Fortune's Banksia has double white flowers, much 
larger than usual with the species, and is greatly admired. 
The Yellow Banksia is of a bright yellow, small, and 
very double. Rosea is of a bright rose, double. 

The Banksia is frequently used in gi-eenhouses and con- 



DESCRIPTION OF THE ROSE. 155 

servatories as a stock for other climbing roses ; and, in 
many cases, answers well. 



Hosa Rubifolia. — This native rose has been much im- 
proved by Mr. Feast and others, and now has many vari- 
eties, some of which are evidently hybrids. The single 
variety is in itself very attractive; blooming in clusters, 
which last a long time, and exhibit a pleasing diversity of 
shade, since the flowers grow paler as they grow old. For 
our own part, we prefer the parent to most of its more pre- 
tending offspring. 

All of this family are held in great scorn by transatlantic 
cultivators. Perhaps the climate of England is unfavor- 
able to them; perhaps national prejudice may color the 
judgment; or perhaps the fact that a less rigorous climate 
permits the successful cultivation of many fine climbing 
roses which cannot well be grown here may explain the 
sHsiht esteem with which these coarse children of the 
prairies are regarded. Coarse, without doubt, they are, 
except those into which another element has been infused 
by hybridization, accidental or otherwise: and yet our 
climate forbids us to dispense with them. 



156 DESCRIPTION OF THE ROSE. 

The Queen of the Praieies is among those best 
known and most desirable. Individually, its flowers are 
as void of beauty as a rose can be. Sometimes they are 
precisely like a small cabbage, — not the rose so called, but 
the vegetable, — and they are as deficient in fragrance as 
in elegance. Yet we regard this rose as a most valuable 
possession. It will cover a wall, a pillar, a bank, or a dead 
trunk, witJi a profusion of bloom, gorgeous as a feature of 
the garden landscape, though unworthy to be gathered or 
critically examined. It is perfectly hardy, and of the 
easiest culture. Those who can make no other rose grow 
rarely fail with this. The Baltimore Belle is a notable 
exception to every thing we have said in disparagement of 
the Prairie roses. It is evidently a hybrid of some tender, 
ever-blooming variety, apparently one of the Noisettes; 
and derives, from its paternal parent, qualities of delicacy 
and beauty which are not conspicuous in the maternal 
stock. At the same time, it has lost some of the robust 
and hardy character of the unmixed Prairie. In a severe 
New-England winter, its younger shoots are often killed 
back. It shows a tendency to bloom in the autumn ; and 
a trifle more of the Noisette blood infused into it would, 
no doubt, make it a true autumnal rose. iSome florists 
use it for spring forcing in the greenhouse ; for which the 



DESCRIPTION OP THE ROSE. 157 

delicacy of its clustering white flowers, shaded with a soft, 
flesh-color, well fits it. When the worthy Rivers, patri- 
arch of English rose-growers, pronounced sentence, ex 
cathedra^ against the whole race of Prairies, — "I will dis- 
miss them with the remark, that none of them are worth 
cultivating," — he included in his decree of excommuni- 
cation one of the prettiest climbing roses in existence. 

Anna Maria has very double flowers of pink and rose. 
LiNNJEAN Hill Beauty bears white and pale blush 
flowers. Miss Gunnell is pale pink, with a tinge of bufl". 
It is one of the best, though not equal to the Baltimore 
Belle. Mrs. Hovey has large white flowers; Presi- 
dent, deep pink ; Triumphant, deep rose ; Superba, light 
pink. Among other sorts are the King of the Prairie, 
Eva Corinne, Jane, and Seraphim, all excellent for 
general efiect, but not to be classed with the roses suitable 
for the bouquet or the drawing-room. 

The Prairie roses might, no doubt, be greatly improved 
by hybridizing. Thus, by fertilization with the pollen of 
the Musk Rose, we should probably obtain an ofi*spring 
with some of the delicacy and fragrance of that species. 
Again : by applying the pollen of some vigorous, hardy 
rose of deep and vivid color, we should improve the color 
of the Prairie without impairing its hardiness. Hybrid 



158 



DESCRIPTION OF THE ROSE. 



China Paul Ricaut would probably answer well for this 
experiment. The Baltimore Belle bears seed occasionally ; 
but is so uncertain and capricious in this respect, that it 
will require no little perseverance in the hybridist. 





THE R OSES of which we have hitherto spoken have 
but one period of bloom in the year. June is gay with 
their flowers ; but at midsummer their glory is departed, 
not again to return till a winter of rest has intervened. 
Various families of roses have, however, the faculty of 
continuous or repeated blooming. Some remain in bloom 
with little interruption for a long time ; while others bloom 
at intervals, after periods of rest. These classes are 
known, with little discrimination, as " Autumnal Roses," 
" Ever-blooming Roses," or " Perpetual Roses." The 
French have a name for those blooming at intervals, which 
is very appropriate. They call them " Remontant Roses," 
— Hosiers Hemontants^ — in other words, roses which 

150 



160 DESCRIPTION OF THE ROSE. 

grow again. This very well describes them. They make 
a growth in spring and early summer, and the young 
wood thus produced bears a crop of flowers. Then the 
plant rests for a while ; but soon begins another growth, 
which, in turn, bears flowers, though less abundantly than 
before. The June, or once - blooming roses^ it is true, 
make also a first and second growth ; but, with them, the 
second growth gives leaves alone. In the true ever- 
blooming roses, or roses that bloom continuously, the 
growth of young wood capable of bearing flowers is 
going on with little interruption during the whole period 
when the vital powers of the plant are awake. It is to 
stimulate the production of this blooming wood that we 
prune back the shoots that have already bloomed, as soon 
as the flowers have faded. 

Ij^is the possession of a great variety of roses of repeated 
or continuous bloom that gives to the rose-lovers of our own 
day their greatest advantage over those of former times. 
Our forefathers had but very few autumnal roses. The 
ancient Romans, it seems, had roses in abundance in 
November and December ; but this must have been with 
the aid of a supreme skill in cultivation, as there is no rea- 
son to believe that they were in possession of those Chinese 
and Indian species, to which the modern florist is indebted, 



DESCRIPTION OF THE ROSE, 161 

directly or indirectly, for nearly all his autumnal flowers. 
As these species are by far the most important of the 
ever-blooming and remontant families, both in themselves 
and in the numberless progeny of hybrids to whom they 
have transmitted their qualities, we place them first on 
our list. 

Rosa Indica. — Rosa Semperflorens. — We include 
under the head of the Chinese Rose two botanical spe- 
cies, because they are so much alike, that, for floral pur- 
poses, it is not worth while to separate them, and 
because their respective ofispring are oflien wholly un- 
distinguishable. The most marked distinction between 
the two is the greater depth and vividness of the color 
of Rosa Sempei*florens ; though, by a singular freak of 
Nature, seedlings perfectly white are said to have been 
produced from it. 

China roses will not endure our winters without very 

careful protection; yet they bloom so constantly and so 

abundantly, that they are very desirable in a garden. In 

large English pleasure-grounds, they are sometimes 

planted in masses, each of a distinct color. They may 
11 



162 DESCRIPTION OF THE ROSE. 

also be so used here by those who will take the trouble to 
remove them from the ground in the autumn, and place 
them in a frame for protection. For this purpose, a hot- 
bed frame may be used, substantially made of plank. It 
should be placed in a situation where the soil is thoroughly 
drained either by Nature or Art The roses are to be 
placed in it close together, and overlapping each other, to 
save room; the roots being well covered with soil, and 
the plants laid in a sloping position. By covering them 
with boards and mats, they will then be safe from every 
thing but mice. The most effectual way to defeat the 
mischievous designs of these pestiferous vermin is to 
cover, not the roots only, but the entire plants, with earth. 
The covering of boards and mats must be so placed as to 
exclude water from rain and melting snow. Tea roses, 
of which we shall speak under the next head, are, as a 
class, more tender than the Chinas ; and, in order to pre- 
serve them, the soil in the frame should be dug out to the 
depth of a foot, the roses laid at the bottom, and wholly 
covered with earth somewhat dry. On this earth, after 
the roses are buried, place a covering of dry leaves some 
six inches deep, and then cover the whole with water- 
proof boards or sashes. The leaves alone, if in sufficient 
quantity, would protect the roses from cold, but, at the 



DESCRIPTION OP THE ROSE. 163 

same time, afford a tempting harborage for mice, which 
would destroy tlie plants, unless buried out of their reach. 
Thus treated, the tenderest Tea roses will bear the win- 
ter with impunity in the coldest parts of New England. 

Though China roses are not equal in beauty to some 
of their hybrid offspring to be hereafter described, they 
surpass all other roses for pot-culture in the window of the 
parlor or drawing-room. They are more easily managed 
than Tea roses, and, though less fragrant, are not less 
abundant in bloom. No roses are of easier culture in the 
gi'eenhouse. The varieties of this group are the Bengal 
roses of the French, and are those familiarly known 
among us as Monthly roses. They were introduced into 
England from the East about the beginning of the last 
century. 

Caemin d'Yebles, or Caemin Superbe, has bright 
carmine flowers. Cramoisie Superteuee has double 
crimson flowers, and, like the former, is excellent for pot- 
culture. Eugene Beauharnais is large, very double, 
and of a bright amaranth-color, approaching crimson. 
Fabviee is of crimson scarlet, very vivid and striking. 
President d'Olbeqite is of a cherry-red. 

All of the above belong to the Semperflorens species, 
and are of deep colors. The following are varieties of 



164 DESCRIPTION OF THE ROSE. 

Rosa Indica. Archduke Charles is of a bright rose- 
color, gradually deepening as the flower grows older, till 
it becomes, at times, almost crimson. Cels Multiflora 
is white, shaded with pink, and flowers very freely. 
Madame Breon is of a rich rose-color, very large, double, 
and compact in form. Clara Sylvain is pure white. 
Madame Bureau is white, with a faint tinge of straw- 
color. Mrs. Bosanquet may be placed in this division ; 
for, though it is certainly a hybrid, the blood of the China 
Rose predominates in it, and characterizes it. It is of a 
pale, waxy, flesh color, very delicate and beautiful, at the 
same time large and double. Napoleon is of a bright 
pink, and the Duchess of Kent is white. 

The Dwarf roses, called Lawrenceanas, or Fairy roses, 
are varieties of the Chinese. They are very small, many 
of them not exceeding a foot in height, and are used as 
edging for flower-beds in countries of which the climate is 
not too severe for them. Like all other China roses, they 
are very easily grown in pots. 

" China roses are better adapted than almost any other 
class for forming groups of separate colors. Thus, for 
beds of white roses, — which, let it be remembered, will 
bloom constantly from June till October, — Clara Sylvain 
and Madame Bureau are beautiful. The former is the taller 



DESCRIPTION OP THE ROSE. 165 

grower, and should be planted in the centre of the bed. 
For crimson, take Cramoisie Superieure, — no other variety 
approaches this in its peculiar richness of color ; for scarlet, 
Fabvier; for red. Prince Charles and Carmin Superbe; 
for deep crimson, Eugene Beauhamais ; for blush, Mrs. 
Bosanquet; for a variegated group, changeable as the 
chameleon, take Archduke Charles and Virginie ; for rose, 
Madame Breon. I picture to myself the above on a well- 
kept lawn, their branches pegged to the ground so as to 
cover the entire surface; and can scarcely imagine any 
thing more chaste and beautiful. 

" To succeed in making these roses bear and ripen their 
seed in England, a warm, dry soil and south wall are 
necessary ; or, if the plants can be trained to a flued wall, 
success will be more certain. Eugene Beauharnais, fer- 
tilized with Fabvier, would probably produce first-rate 
brilliant-colored flowers. Archduke Charles, by removing 
a few of the small central petals, just before their flowers 
are expanded, and fertilizing it with pollen from Fabvier 
or Henry the Fifth, would give seed ; and as the object 
ought to be, in this family, to have large flowers with 
brilliant colors, and plants of hardy, robust habits, no bet- 
ter union can be formed. China roses, if blooming in an 
airy greenhouse, will often produce fine seed : by fertilizing 
their flowers, it may probably be insured. In addition, 
therefore, to those planted against a wall, some strong 
plants of the above varieties should be planted in the 



166 DESCRIPTION OF THE ROSE. 

orchard-house, -^ the place, above all others, adapted for 
seed-bearing roses." — Hivers. 




Mosa Indica Odorata. — This is a Chinese species, 
closely allied to the last named, but more beautiful, far 
more fragrant, and usually more tender. The two origi- 
nal varieties of it, the Bhish Tea and the Yellow Tea, 
were introduced into England early in the present cen- 
tury ; and between them they have produced a numerous 
fjimily, than which no roses are more beautiful. 

To grow them in the oj^en air, they require, in the first 
place, a very thorough drainage. If the situation is at all 
damp, the bed should be raised some six inches above the 
surrounding surface ; but this will be rarely necessary in 
our climate. If it rests on a good natural stratum of 
gravel, this will be drainage sufficient ; but, if not, the 
whole bed should be excavated, and underlaid to the depth 
of four or five inches with broken stones, broken bricks, 
or with what is much better than either, — oyster-shells. 
Over these, sift coarse gravel to prevent the soil from 
working into their crevices, and on the gi'avel make a bed 
somewhat more than a foot deep of good loam, mixed 



DESCRIPTION OF THE ROSE. 167 

with a nearly equal quantity of light, well-rotted manure, 
adding sand if the texture of the loam requires it. The 
bed should be in an open, sunny situation, and sheltered, 
as far as may be, fi'om strong winds. The Tea roses 
planted in it — unless they have been exhausted by forcing 
in the greenhouse — will give a liberal supply of bloom 
until checked by the autumn frosts. 

Many of these roses can be grown to great advantage 
in a cold grapery, in a bed suitably prepared. They differ 
greatly in hardiness, and in respect to ease of culture. 
Some are so vigorous as to form greenhouse climbers, 
and so hardy as to bear a Northern winter by being simply 
laid down, and covered with earth, like a raspbeiTy. Of 
these is Gloike de Dijon, a rose of most vigorous growth, 
and closely resembling in the shape of its blossoms that 
matchless Bourbon Rose, the well-known Souvenir de la 
Malmaison. Its color, however, is very different, being a 
mixture of buff and salmon. It has one defect, — a crum- 
pled appearance of the central leaves, which gives them a 
somewhat withered look, even when just open. Five or 
six large plants of this variety are growing here with the 
utmost luxuriance on the rafters of a glass house, without 
fire. In winter they are protected by meadow-hay thrust 



168 DESCRIPTION OP THE ROSE. 

between them and the glass, and have never been injured 
by the frost. 

For preserving a small number of Tea roses through 
the winter, an ordinary cellar answers perfectly, provided 
there is no furnace in it. They may either be potted or 
" heeled " in earth in a box. A few degrees of frost will 
not hurt them. Roses and all other plants will bear the 
same degree of cold much better in a close, still air than 
in the open sunlight and wind. 

The prevailing colors of Tea roses are hght and delicate : 
of the rose-colored varieties, Adam is one of the finest, as 
is also Souvenir d'un Ami. Moiret is of a pale yellow, 
shaded with fawn and rose. Bou.gere is of a deep rosy 
bronze, large and double. Silene resembles it in color, 
and is very much admired. Canary is of the color which 
its name indicates, and its buds are extremely beautiful. 
Yet, in this respect, no variety can exceed the Old Yellow 
Tea, which is, however, one of the most tender and diffi- 
cult of culture in the whole group. Devoniensis is very 
large, double, and of a pale clear yellow ; a very fine rose, 
but shy of bloom. Gloire de Dijon, already mentioned, 
is a superb rose, though somewhat wanting in that grace 
and delicacy, which, in general, characterize this class. 
MAD AM^^; Bravy is of a creamy white, and very beautifully 



DESCRIPTION OF THE ROSE. 169 

formed. Madame Damaizin is salmon, and very free in 
bloom. Madame William is of a bright yellow, large, 
and very double. Niphetos is of a pale lemon, turning 
to snow-white. Safrano is one of the most distinct and 
remarkable roses in the group. It is of a buff and apricot 
hue, altogether peculiar. Its buds are beautifully formed ; 
as are also its half-opened flowers, though they are not 
very double. It is a very profuse bloomer, easy of culture, 
free of growth, and hardy as compared with most other 
Tea roses. 

"With attention, some very beautiful roses of this fami- 
ly may be originated from seed ; but the plants must be 
trained against a south wall, in a warm, dry soil, or grown 
in pots, under glass. A warm greenhouse or the orchard- 
house will be most proper for them, so that they bloom in 
May, as their hips are a long time ripening. 

" For yellow roses, Vicomtesse Decazes may be planted 
with and fertilized by Canary, which abounds in pollen : 
some fine roses, almost to a certainty, must be raised from 
seed produced by such a union. For the sake of curi- 
osity, a few flowers of the latter might be fertilized with 
the Double Yellow Brier, or Rosa Harrisonii. The Old 
Yellow Tea Rose bears seed abundantly ; but it has been 
found from repeated experiments that a good or even a 
mediocre rose is seldom or never produced from it : but, 



170 DESCRIPTION OP THE ROSE. 

fertilized with the Yellow Brier, something original may 
be realized. Souvenir d'un Ami and Adam would pro- 
duce seed of fine quality, from which large and bright 
rose-colored varieties might be expected ; Niphetos would 
give pure white Tea roses ; and Gloire de Dijon, fertilized 
with Safrano, would probably originate first-rate fawn- 
colored roses : but the central petals of the latter should 
be carefully removed with tweezers or pliers, as its flowers 
are too double for it to be a certain seed-bearer." — Hivers, 



/^^l^^. 



Jiosa Moschata. — This rose is a native of Asia, North- 
ern Africa, and adjacent islands. In Persia it is said to 
reach a prodigious size, resembling some gorgeous flower- 
ing tree. It is said, too, that it is the favorite rose of the 
Persian poets, who celebrated its loves with the nightin- 
gale in strains echoed by their English imitators. Being 
very vigorous, it is best grown as a chmber ; but, with us, 
it requires the shelter of glass. It flowers in large clusters 
late in summer, and in a warm, moist air, exhales a faint 
odor of musk. 

The Double White Musk has yellowish white flow- 
ers of moderate size. Eponine has pure white flowers, 
very double. The New Double White, or Ranunculus 



DESCRIPTION OP THE ROSE. 171 

Musk, is an improvement on the Double White, which 
it much resembles. Nivea, or the Snowy Musk, can 
hardly be said to belong to the group, as it blooms only 
once in the year. Ophir, Princess op Nassau, and 
RiVEKS, are also good examples of this family. 



"luC^OIstXTE Ro^tl 



Hosa Moschata Hybrida. — Having treated of the 
China, Tea, and Musk roses, we now come to the hybrid 
offspring which they have jointly produced. In 1817, 
M. Noisette, a French florist at Charleston, S.C., raised 
a seedling from the Musk Rose, impregnated with the 
pollen of the common China Rose. The seedling was 
different from either parent, but had the vigorous growth 
of the Musk Rose, together with its property of blooming 
in clusters, and a slight trace of its peculiar fragrance. 
This was the original Noisette Rose, and it has been the 
parent of a numerous family ; but as it has, in turn, been 
fertilized with the pollen of the Tea, and perhaps of other 
roses, many of its descendants have lost its peculiar charac- 
teristics, so that in some cases they cannot be distinguished 
from Tea roses. It is thus that confusion is constantly 
arising in all the families of the rose ; the groups becoming 



172 DESCRIPTION OP THE ROSE. 

merged in each other by insensible gradations, so that it 
is impossible to fix any clear line of demarcation between 
them. 

The distinctive characteristic of the true Noisette is 
blooming in clusters. Different varieties have different 
habits of growth, some being much more vigorous than 
others; but the greater part are true climbing roses. 
Those in which the blood of the Musk and China predom- 
inate are comparatively hardy. Many of them can be 
grown as bushes in the open air, with very little winter 
protection, even in the latitude of Boston. Two varieties 
— Madame Massot and Caroline Marniesse — are to- 
day (Oct. 16) in full bloom here, where they have stood 
for several years, with very little precaution to shelter 
them. Some other varieties, again, strongly impregnated 
with the Tea Rose, are quite as tender as Tea roses of the 
pure race. 

As rafter-roses in the greenhouse, the Noisettes are un- 
surpassed. 

AiMEE ViBERT is ouc of the prettiest of the group. It 
was raised by the French cultivator Vibert, who named it 
after his daughter. The flowers are pure white, and grow 
in large clusters. Though not among the most vigorous 
in growth of the Noisettes, this variety is comparatively 



H DESCRIPTION OP THE ROSE. 173 

hardy, and in all respects very desirable. Miss Glegg 
resembles her French sister, but is scarcely so graceful or 
elegant. Joan of Arc is a pure white rose, growing very 
vigorously. Madame Massot, sometimes sold by Ameri- 
can nursery-men under the name of Mademoiselle Hen- 
KiETTE, bears large clusters of small flowers of a waxy 
white, faintly tinged with flesh-color. It is one of the 
hardiest of the group. Caroline Marniesse somewhat 
resembles it, but is not equal in beauty. 

All of the above have very distinctly the Noisette 
characteristics, as inherited from their parent, the Musk 
Rose. Those which follow have been hybridized to such a 
degree with the Tea Rose, that its traits predominate ; and 
though, in some of them, the cluster-blooming habit of the 
Musk is not lost, the flowers bear, in size, shape, color, and 
fragrance, a marked resemblance to the Tea. Chroma- 
TELLA, or the Cloth of Gold, is, when in perfection, 
the most beautiful of all the yellow roses; but it is shy of 
bloom, and difiicult of culture. Solfaterre is also a fine 
yellow rose, much more easily managed than the last. 
The same may be said of Augusta, a seedUng raised from 
it in this country. Isabella Gray was also raised in 
America, and is a seedling from the Cloth of Gold, which 



174 DESCRIPTION OF THE ROSE. 

it rivals in beauty ; though, like its parent, it is somewhat 
difficult to manage. Jaune Desprez, or Desprez's 
Yellow, is of a sulphur-color tinged with red, very large 
and ^-agrant. America is also a large and fine flower of 
a creamy white ; but perhaps the best known of the 
whole group is Lamarque, in New England the greatest 
faTorite among greenhouse chmbers. Its flowers are of a 
sulphur-yellow, large and double ; and its growth is very 
vigorous. 

" But few of the Noisette roses will bear seed in this 
country : the following, however, if planted against a 
south wall, and carefully fertilized, would probably pro- 
duce some. The object here should be to obtain dark 
crimson varieties with large flowers ; and for this purpose 
Fellenberg should be fertilized with Octavie, Solfaterre 
with the Tea Rose. Vicomtesse Decazes would probably 
give yellow varieties ; ancl^ these would be large and fra- 
grant, as in Lamarque and Jaune Desprez. In these direc- 
tions for procuring seed from roses by fertilizing, I have 
confined myself to such varieties as are almost sure to pro- 
duce it ; but much must be left to the amateur, as many 
roses may be made fertile by removing their central petals, 
and consequently some varieties that I have not noticed 
may be made productive." — Mivers. 



DESCRIPTION OP THE ROSE. 175 

Eosa Damascena. — This is a race of Damask roses 
endowed with the faculty of blooming in the autumn. 
The old roses known as the Monthly (not the China roses 
so called) and the Four Seasons are the parents of the 
group, though not without some infusion of foreign blood. 
The Damask Perpetuals are hardy, and remarkable for 
fragrance. They demand rich culture, even more than 
most other roses ; and the best of them with neglect and 
low diet will bloom but once in the year, and that indif- 
ferently. On the other hand, they repay generous treat- 
ment liberally, as some of them are as beautiful as they 
are fragrant. American nursery-men usually catalogue 
them among the Hybrid Perpetuals, where they are out of 
place; since the true Damask Perj^etual is not, in any 
sense, a hybrid, though, as before mentioned, some foreign 
blood has found its way into the family. 

The French rose -grower Vibert has formed a new 
group, which he calls the Rose de Trianon, out of the 
Damask Perj^etuals ; but, as the subdivision seems unne- 
cessary and perplexing, we shall re-annex it to the parent 
group. 



176 DESCRIPTION OP THE ROSE. 

The following are good examples of these Perpetuals : 
JoASiNE Hanet has deep purplish-red flowers, very showy. 
Sydonie bears large flowers of a rose or bright salmon, 
and blooms profusely. Yolande of Aragon has deep- 
pink flowers, and is an abundant autumn bloomer. The 
above belong to Vibert's new division. The following 
are unquestioned Damask : Ceimson, or Rose du Roi, is 
of a bright crimson, very large, very fragrant, and an ex- 
cellent autumn bloomer. There is a history attached to 
it. Count Lelieur was superintendent of the royal gardens 
of St. Cloud, where this rose was raised from seed, a little 
before the restoration of the Bourbons. He named it 
Rose Lelieur, after himself When Louis the Eighteenth 
came to the throne, an oflicer of his household insisted 
that the new rose should be named after him. Count 
Lelieur resisted. A debate ensued. The party of the cour- 
tiers prevailed : the new rose was called the King's Rose, 
B.ose du Roi ; and the count resigned his post in disgust. 
MoGADOR is a seedling from this rose, and is, perhaps, an 
improvement on it. Portland Blanche is pure white, 
and blooms well in autumn. An En2:lish writer sets it 
down as worthless : whence I infer that there must be two 
of the same name; for here it lias proved itself one of the 
most beautiful of white roses. Bernard is a small but 



DESCRIPTION OF THE ROSE. 177 

very beautiful rose, of a clear salmon-color, and is said to 
be a sj)ort from the Crimson. 

" As the culture of this class of roses," says Rivers, " is 
at present but imperfectly understood, I shall give the 
result of my experience as to their cultivation, with sug- 
gestions to be acted upon according to circumstances. 
One peculiar feature they nearly all jDossess, — a reluctance 
to root when layered : consequently. Perpetual Damask 
roses, on their own roots, will always be scarce. When it 
is possible to procure them, they will be found to flourish 
much better on dry, poor soils than when budded, as at 
present. These roses require a superabundant quantity 
of food : it is therefore perfectly ridiculous to plant them 
on dry lawns, to suffer the grass to grow close up to their 
stems, and not to give them a particle of manure for years. 
Under these circumstances, the best varieties, even the 
Rose du Roi, will scarcely ever give a second series of 
flowers. To remedy the inimical nature of dry soils to this 
class of roses, an annual application of manure on the sur- 
face of the soil is quite necessary. The ground must not 
be dug, but lightly pricked over witli a fork in November ; 
after which some manure must be laid on, about two or 
three inches in depth, which ought not to be disturbed, 
except to clean with the hoe and rake, till the following 
autumn. This, in some situations, in the spring months, 
will be unsightly : in such cases, cover with some nice 
green moss, as directed in the culture of Hybrid China 

12 



178 DESCRIPTION OF THE ROSE. 

roses. I have said that this treatment is applicable to 
dry, poor soils : but, even in good rose soils, it is almost 
necessary ; for it will give such increased vigor, and such 
a prolongation of the flowering season, as amply to repay 
the labor bestowed. If the soil be prepared as directed, 
tliey will twice in the year require pruning : in November 
[in 3Iarch, for this cou7itry']^ when the beds are dressed ; 
and again in the beginning of June. In the Novem- 
ber pruning, cut off from every shoot of the preceding 
summer's growth about two-thirds its length: if they 
are crowded, remove some of them entirely. If this 
autumnal pruning is attended to, there will be, early 
in June the following summer, a vast number of luxu- 
riant shoots, each crowned with a cluster of buds. Now, 
as June roses are always abundant, a little sacrifice 
must be made to insure a fine autumnal bloom : therefore 
leave only half the number of shoots to bring forth their 
summer flowers ; the remainder shorten to about half their 
length. Each shortened branch will soon put forth buds ; 
and in August and September the plants will again be 
covered with flowers. In cultivating Perpetual roses of 
all classes, the faded flowers ought immediately to be re- 
moved ; for in autumn the petals do not fall off readily, 
but lose their color, and remain on the plant, to the injury 
of the forthcoming buds. Though I have recommended 
them to be grown on their own roots, in dry soils, yet, on 
account of the autumnal rains dashing the dirt upon their 



DESCRIPTION OF THE ROSE. 179 

flowers when close to the ground, wherever it is j)ossible 
to make budded roses grow, they ought to be preferred ; 
for, on stems from one to two feet in height, the flowers 
will not be soiled : they are also brought near to the eye, 
and the plant forms a neat and pretty object." 



i :ME 06 OWIKB^M&ftSm 



Rosa Hyhrida Bourboniensis, — The China Rose and 
one of the old Damask Perpetuals, known as the Red 
Four Seasons, have produced between them a distinct 
family of hybiids known as the Bourbon roses. They are 
so called because they were originated on the Isle of 
Bourbon. One M. Perichon, an inhabitant of that island, 
in planting a quantity of seedling roses raised for a hedge, 
found one very difi*erent from the rest, and planted it 
apart. On flowering, it proved to be distinct from any 
rose before known. Soon after, in the year 1817, a French 
botanist, M. Breon, arriving at the Isle of Bourbon as cura- 
tor of the government botanical garden established there, 
investigated the case of this remarkable seedling, and 
became convinced that it was produced between the two 
species named above ; since these were then the only roses 
on the island, and both were freely used as hedges. M. 



180 DESCRIPTION OF THE ROSE. 

Brcon sent plants and seeds of the new rose to Paris ; and 
from these have sprung the whole race of the Bourbons, — a 
race of sweeter savor in horticulture than in history. 

They are remarkable as a family for clearness and bright- 
ness of color, perfection of form, and freedom of autumnal 
blooming. Some of them are quite hardy ; others are not 
so in New England. Their growth is various ; some climb- 
ing vigorously if trained to do so, and others forming 
compact bushes. Abundance of manure, a deep and well- 
dug soil, and mulching with newly-cut grass or some simi- 
lar substance to keep them moist in dry weather, joined 
to judicious pruning, are needed to bring forth their beau- 
ties in perfection. The stronger growers cannot be pruned 
severely without greatly diminishing the quantity of their 
bloom ; but the ends of tall, strong shoots of the same 
season's growth may be cut off with great advantage, thus 
checking their growth, and causing them to throw out 
small blooming side-shoots. 

No roses are better than these where the object is to 
produce a late autumnal bloom. They may be made to 
bloom into the winter by pinching off their summer flower- 
buds, in order that they may not exhaust themselves in 
that season, and by sheltering them from the frost. For 
forcing, they are unsurpassed. 



DESCRIPTION OP THE ROSE. 181 

Some of the most vigorous varieties would make gor- 
geous pillar-roses, provided pains were taken to lay tbeni 
flat, and cover them with earth every winter. Without 
protection, they would suffer severely in the Northern 
States. 

AciDALiE was, till recently, the only white Bourbon ; yet 
it is not pure white, but has a tinge of blush. Of late, 
another white Bourbon has been added, — Blanche 
Lafitte, — which is also faintly tinged with flesh-color. 
Adelaide Bougere is of a rich velvety purple. Du- 
PETiT Thouars is of a vivid crimson, large and double. 
George Peabody is of a purplish -crimson. Louise 
Odieb is a rose of very vigorous growth, and one of the 
hardier members of the family : its flowers are of a bright 
rose-color, of a beautiful cupped form ; and it has a ten- 
dency to bloom in clusters. Prince Albert is still 
hardier. Its color is a brilliant crimson-scarlet, and its 
autumn bloom is abundant. Sir Joseph Paxton is of 
a bright rose-color, tinged with crimson: its growth is 
exceedingly vigorous; and, with moderate protection, 
it will bear our winters. Souvenik de la Malmaisox is 
unsurpassed among roses. It is very large, and beautifully 
formed. It is of a light, transparent flesh-color ; and no 
rose is more admired in a greenhouse. It will also thrive 



182 DESCRIPTION OF THE ROSE. 

in the open air, and, when the soil is well drained, may 
safely be trusted to bear a New-England winter, provided 
it is covered with earth. In a wet soil, it is usually killed. 
VoKACE is of a dark purplish-crimson, and, like the last 
named, only partially hardy. Hermosa, or Armosa, re- 
sembles a China rose in the character and abundance of 
its bloom. None surpasses it for forcing. 

The above will serve as favorable examples of the best 
types of this group. 

" I hope in a few years to see Bourbon roses in every 
garden ; for * the Queen of Flowers ' boasts no member of 
her court more beautiful. Their fragrance also is delicate 
and jDleasing, more particularly in the autumn. They ought 
to occupy a distinguished place in the autumnal rose-gar- 
den, in clumps or beds, as standards and as pillars. In 
any and in all situations, they must and will please. To 
insure a very late autumnal bloom, a collection of dwarf 
standards, i. e. stems one to two feet in height, should be 
potted in large pots, and, during summer, watered with 
manure-water, and some manure kept on . the surface. 
Towards the end of September or the middle of October, 
if the weather be wet, they may be placed under glass. 
They will bloom in fine perfection even as late as Novem- 
ber. . . . 

" It is difficult to point out roses of this family that bear 
seed freely, except the Common Bourbon ; but Acidalie, 



DESCRIPTION OF THE ROSE. 183 

planted against a south wall, would probably give some 
seed.* If any pollen can be found, it might be fertilized 
with the flowers of Julie de Loynes. A pure white and 
true Bourbon Rose ought to be the object: therefore it 
should not be hybridized with any other species. Bouquet 
de Flore may be planted against a south wall with Me- 
noux, with which it should be carefully fertilized : some 
interesting varieties may be expected from seed thus pro- 
duced. Queen of the Bourbons, planted with the yellow 
China Rose, might possibly give some seeds; but those 
would not produce true Bourbon roses, as the former is a 
hybrid, partaking of the qualities of the Tea-scented roses. 
Anne Beluze, planted with Madame Nerard, would give 
seed from which some very delicate Blush roses might be 
raised ; and Le Florifere, fertilized with the Common 
Bourbon, would also probably produce seed worthy of 
attention." — Mivers. 



-^pbjS SbTOQ BeiaPRTTJiiL>]]^Q^E.]|^ 



We reach, at length, the vast family of the Hybrid Per- 
petuals, — a race of brilliant parvenus, which, within the 
last twenty-five years, have risen to throw other roses into 

* In America, several varieties bear seed well. Sir Joseph Paxton 
rarely fails, and is a very good subject for experiment. The varieties 
named above by Mr. Rivers are not, for the most part, of the first merit. 



184 DESCRIPTION OF THE ROiSE. 

the shade. As we look upon them, we survey a gor- 
geous chaos. Here are innumerable varieties of foliage 
and flower, perplexing us in our search for genealogies 
and relationships. All of them, however, have, as a basis, 
some hardy, once-blooming rose, with which has been min- 
gled the blood of one, and often of many, of the ever- 
blooming roses, in sufficient proportion to impart some of 
their qualities of autumnal flowering. Many of the Hy- 
brid Perpetuals have, as their basis, the Hybrid China 
Rose, already described under the head of the summer 
roses. This, as we have seen, blooms but once; but 
when crossed with the China, Tea, Bourbon, Damask 
Perpetual, or several of these combined, it becomes 
capable of blooming in the autumn, without losing its 
hardiness. Such, then, is the orighi of this group; and the 
diversity of its characteristics answers to the diversity of 
its parentage. Thus two roses can scarcely be more un- 
like than Baronne Prevost and the Giant of Battles, or 
La Reine and Arthur de Sansal. In Baronne Prevost and 
La Reine, the hardier and more vigorous elements prevail ; 
and they probably owe their ever-blooming qualities to an 
infusion of the Damask Perpetual, rather than of the more 
tender China roses. In the Giant of Battles and Arthur 
de Sansal, on the contrary, the China and Bourbon cle- 



DESCRIPTION OF THE ROSE. 185 

ments are very apparent ; and, while these roses are excel- 
lent autumn bloomers, they are much less hardy and 
vigorous than the other two. 

M. Laffay, in his garden at Bellevue, a few miles from 
Paris, may be said to have laid the foundations of the Hy- 
brid Perpetual family. Indeed, to a great extent, he created 
it; having originated a great number of beautiful roses, 
some of which none of the more recent productions 
have been able in the least degree to eclipse. Laffay's 
roses were chiefly of the hardier and stronger type, with 
La Reine, which was produced about the year 1840, at 
their head. 

From the motley cliaracter of the group, the lines that 
separate it from tlie Bourbon and from some other families 
cannot be definitely drawn; and there are certain varieties 
which always liold an equivocal position, being sometiuK^s 
placed with one group, and sometimes with another. 

These Perpetuals differ greatly in the freedom of their 
autumn blooming; some giving a second and third crop of 
flowers in abundance ; while others will not bloom at all 
after midsummer, except under careful and skilful treat- 
ment. All require rich culture and good pruning. When 
an abundant autumn bloom is required, a portion of the 
June bloom must be sacrificed by cutting back about half 



186 DESCRIPTION OF THE ROSE. 

the flower-stems to three or four eyes as soon as the 
flower-buds form. When the flowers fade, these also 
should be cut off with the stems that bear them, in a 
similar manner. The formation of the seed-vessels, by 
employing the vitality of the plant, tends greatly to dimin- 
ish its autumn bloom. Give additional manure every 
year, and keep the ground open, and free of weeds. If 
rank, strong shoots, full of redundant sap, form in summer, 
check their disproportioned growth by cutting off their 
tops. 

In the North, these roses are better for a little winter 
protection, such as earthing them up at the base, or thrust- 
ing pine-boughs into .the soil among them. They may 
with great advantage be taken up as often as once in three 
years, and replanted after two or three shovelfuls of old 
manure have been dug into the soil, which, at the same 
time, should be forked to the greatest possible depth. In- 
deed, it does them no harm to replant them yearly : on 
the contrary, they, generally bloom the better for it. 

An excellent way to preserve them during winter, when 
they have been taken out of the ground, is to bury them, 
root and branch, is earth. The earth for this purpose 
should not be very moist. The place selected should be 
sheltered and dry; the latter point being of the last 



DESCRIPTION OF THE ROSE. 187 

importance. The roses may be tied in bundles, and the 
earth thrown over them to the depth of six inches or 
more, in such a manner as to shed the rain and snow; and 
if a few boards are placed over it, in a sloping position, it 
will be so much the better. In this way, all the half- 
hardy roses, and many of those regarded as the most ten- 
der, can be safely wintered in the coldest parts of New 

England. 

It is to the family of Hybrid Perpetuals that the French 
rose-growers have given their chief attention. Hence an 
enormous multiplication of varieties, every year bringing 
forth a new brood, perplexing us with their numbers, and 
by the clamor with which the merits of each and all are 
proclaimed by their respective originators. Some of these 
new roses are unsurpassed in beauty, and deserve all that 
can be said of them. Yet thoroughly to establish the 
character of a rose requires several years, — not less than 
six, according to the eminent French rose-gi'ower, M. 
Jules Margottin : therefore it is impossible to speak with 
entire confidence of these novelties. I shall begin with 
roses of well-established merit, which have been for years 
in cultivation here. Of the rest, which have had not more 
than a season's trial, mention will be made afterwards. 
La Reine is perhaps entitled to the first mention, as it 



188 DESCRIPTION OP THE ROSE. 

was one of the first in its origin, and has never since lost 
ground. It varies very much in quality with circumstances 
of soil and cultivation, and in its color is surpassed 
by many other roses. Its very large size when well grown, 
its fine form and perfect hardiness, are its points of merit. 
It is the mother of a numerous progeny, among which 
Augusts Mie is one of the best, growing very vigorously, 
and bearing flowers equal to those of its parent in beauty 
of form, and superior in delicacy of color. They are of a 
fine rose-color, several shades lighter than that of La 
Reine. Louise Peyronney also, in many respects, sur- 
passes her parent ; and is a rose of great beauty, though 
scarcely so vigorous as La Reine. Baronne Prevost is 
another hardy and vigorous rose, of a type wholly differ- 
ent : it grows with great vigor, bears the rudest winter, 
and, both in June and in the autumnal months, yields an 
abundance of large, very double flowers of a light rose- 
color. Pius IX. has the same vigor of constitution, and 
the same abundant bloom : its flowers are of a deep rose, 
tinged with crimson. Dr. Arnold is of a deeper color, 
approaching to crimson, and is one of the best autumn 
bloomers. Madame Boll is a superb rose, very vigorous, 
very hardy, and very double. L'Enfant du Mt. Carmel 
somewhat resembles it, but grows and blooms more freely : 



DESCRIPTION OP THE ROSE. 189 

its color is a rosy crimson. Jules Mahgottix has no 
superior in its way : it is of a clear, rosy-crimson color, 
and its half-opened buds are especially beautiful. Tki- 
OMPHE DE l'Exposition is of a deep crimson ; and Souve- 
nir DE LA Keine d'Angleterre, of a bright rose : both 
are very vigorous and very effective. General Jacque- 
minot is of a fine crimson, and, though not perfectly 
double, is, nevertheless, one of the most splendid of roses. 
Its size, under good culture, is immense. It is a strong 
grower and abundant bloomer, and glows like a firebrand 
among the paler hues around it. It is one of the hardier 
kinds, and is easily managed. Its offspring are innumer- 
able. The greater part of the new roses of the last year 
or two own it as a parent, and inherit some of its qualities. 
Of its older progeny, Triomphe des Beaux Arts and the 
Oriflamme DE St. Louis may be mentioned with honor. 
The last, especially, is a very brilliant rose. Among other 
ileep-colored roses are Triomphe de Paris, Gloire de 
Santenay, and General Washington; the last a seed- 
ling from Triomphe de l'Exposition. It is a new rose; 
but there can be little doubt of its merit. 

Perhaps no rose among the Hybrid Perpetuals has been 
so famous, and so much praised, as the Giant of Battles; 
but we cannot fully echo the commendations bestowed 



190 DESCRIPTION OF THE ROSE. 

upon it. All the roses just named are hardy, vigorous, 
and of easy culture, available to the half-practised amateur 
as well as to the experienced cultivator. But the class of 
Hybrid Perpetuals of which the Giant of Battles is the 
type, and, to a great extent, the parent, requires more skill 
and precaution for successful culture. They are all more 
or less liable to mildew. "I can do nothing with the 
Giant, because the mildew destroys it," a well-known 
nursery-man writes me. Besides this tendency, it is by 
no means of the vigorous growth which the catalogues of 
nursery-men commonly ascribe to it. Its flowers, how- 
ever, are very brilliant, and, in a favorable season, are pro- 
duced in abundance. In color, they resemble those of 
General Jacqueminot. Some of the seedlings raised fi*om 
them are much darker; and among these may be men- 
tioned Arthur de Sansal, Cardinal Patrizzi, and the 
Emperor op Morocco. Lord Raglan is one of the very 
finest flowers of this section ; and the plant is more vigor- 
ous, and less liable to mildew, than the rest of the group. 

The following are of the hghter and more delicate 
shades: Caroline de Sansal is of a clear flesh-color, 
large, full, and of a vigorous, hardy constitution. Madame 
YiDOT is, when in perfection, an exquisite rose, of a trans- 
parent, waxy, flesh color, and foimed like a camellia: it 



DESCRIPTION OF THE ROSE. 191 

has not proved hardy here, and has suffered severely every 
winter. Queen Victoria is of a better constitution : it 
is white, shaded with pink. William Gkiffitiis is an 
old and excellent rose, of a peculiar light satin rose-color : 
it rarely suffers fi'om the winter. Virginal is pure white. 
La Mere de St. Louis is of a waxy flesh-color, and, 
though not very full, is distinct and beautiful. Madame 
Rivers is of a very light rose. Comtesse de Chabril- 
LANT is of a clear pink, and very fine. Madame Knorr 
is of a somewhat deeper shade, and singularly beautiful in 
bud. Louise Magnan and Dr. Henon may, with Vir- 
ginal, in the absence of better, represent the white Hybrid 
Perpetuals, — a color in which this class is very defi- 
cient ; while a yellow or buff rose is as yet unknown in it, 
although it is said that such an one has been produced, 
and will soon be " brought out." 

The following are a selection from the new roses ; and, 
though their merits have not as yet been tried by the test 
of time, there can be very little doubt that all of them will 
prove of the highest merit : — 

Maurice Bernardin is of a bright vermilion, very 
large and full. Charles Lefebvre is of a bright crimson, 
purplish at the centre, and seems an admirable rose. Mrs. 
William Paul is of a violet-red, shaded with crimson. 



192 DESCRIPTION OF THE ROSE. 

Madame Clemence Joigneaux is of a red and lilac color, 
and grows with great vigor. Lord Macaulay is of a 
rich scarlet-crimson : a bloom of it is now before me, 
cut here, in the open air, on the 22d of October. 
ScEUR DES Anges owcs its singular name to the delicacy 
of its tint, — a soft flesh-color ; yet the habit of the plant is 
vigorous, and it seems of a hardy nature. Due de Rohan 
is red, shaded with vermilion. Beauty of Waltham, 
an English seedling like Lord Macaulay, is of a bright 
carmine, and blooms profusely. Madame Fuetado is 
very large, fragrant, and double : its color is a light 
rosy-crimson. Le Rhone is of a brilUant and deep ver- 
milion. Due de Cazes is of a purplish crimson, so deep 
as almost to appear black. President Lincoln is cherry- 
red. Princess of Wales is a recent seedling of Mr. 
William Paul, the English rose-grower ; and, though I 
have not yet seen it in flower, it is so highly extolled by 
an English amateur, that I mention it here. It is of a 
bright crimson, with thick and firm petals, and said to be 
very hardy. Senateur Vaisse is of a brilliant red, and 
has found numerous admirers. Victor Verdier is car- 
mine, shaded with purple, large and showy. Louise Mar- 
gottin is of a delicate, glossy rose-color, beautifully 
formed; and, though marked of moderate gi'owth on 



DESCRIPTION OF THE ROSE. 193 

foreign catalogues, it has grown with uncommon vigor 
here. Peince Camille de Rohan is of a deep maroon 
approaching crimson. It is very large and full. 

The above comprise the flowers of most brilliant prom- 
ise among the recent novelties. Many others will be 
mentioned in the supplementary list. 

The Hybrid Perpetuals combine merits so numerous 
and so brilliant, that they are rapidly driving out of culti- 
vation many roses once in the highest esteem. Indeed, 
with the exception of Moss roses, and some of the Teas, 
Noisettes, and Bourbons, none seem likely to maintain 
their ground before these gorgeous upstarts, some of 
which are as robust as they are beautiful. Their beauties, 
however, depend greatly on their culture ; and this is true 
of all roses. A rose which, under indifferent treatment, 
will be passed unnoticed, puts on, in the hands of a good 
cultivator, its robes of royalty, and challenges from all 
beholders the homage due to the Queen of Flowers. 

In conclusion, the amateur will do well to make this his 
golden rule: Cultivate none hut the best^ and cvltivate 
them thoroughly. Thoroughness is at the bottom of all 
horticultural success. 

" Raising new varieties of this family from seed presents 
an extensive field of interest to the amateur ; for we have 

13 



194 DESCRIPTION OP THE ROSE. 

yet to add to our catalogues pure white and yellow and 
fawn-colored Hybrid Perpetuals : and these, I anticipate, 
will be the reward of those who persevere. Monsieur 
Laffay, by persevering through two or three generations, 
obtained a mossy Hybrid Bourbon rose, and many of the 
finest varieties described in the foregoing pages. This in- 
formation will, I trust, be an incentive to amateurs in this 
country. To illustrate this, I may here remark, that a 
yellow Ayrshire Rose, now a desideratum, must not be 
expected from the first trial ; but probably a climbing rose, 
tinged with yellow or buff", may be the fruit of the first 
crossing. This variety must again be crossed with a 
yellow rose: the second generation will, perhaps, be 
nearer the end wished for. Again: the amateur must 
bring perseverance and skill into action ; and then, if in 
the third generation a bright yellow climbing rose be 
obtained, its possession will amply repay the labor be- 
stowed. But these light gardening operations are not 
labor : they are a delightful amusement to a refined mind, 
and lead it to reflect on the wonderful infinities of Nature. 
" Madame Laffay is an excellent seed-bearing rose : this 
may be fertilized with the Bourbon Gloire de Rosomenes 
and with Comte Bobrinsky. Dr. Marx may be crossed 
with the Bourbon Paul Joseph and with the Bourbon Le 
Grenadier. These should all be planted against a south 
wall, so that their flowers expand at the same time ; and 
they will probably give some fine autumnal roses, brilliant 



DESCRIPTION OP THE ROSE. 195 

in color, and very double. For fawn-colored, or yellowish 
and white roses. Duchess of Sutherland may be fertilized 
with the Tea-scented roses Victoria and Safrano. These 
must all have a south wall. These hints may possibly be 
considered meagre and incomplete ; but I trust it will be 
seen how much depends upon the enterprise and taste of 
the cultivator." — Rivers, 



Mm^MM^$3^^^^m . 



Rosa Bracteata. — The original species was brought to 
England from China by Lord Macartney in 1795. The 
varieties are few, and very distinct in appearance from 
other roses. The leaves are small, and of a deep shining 
green. This rose is not hardy, even in England ; at least, 
the old varieties of it are not so : but one has lately been 
sent me, under the formidable appellation of Rosa Brac- 
teata Alba Venusta, which is reported to have proved 
hardy in New Jersey. 

The Macartney roses are of a climbing habit, and ever- 
green. 

Alba Odorata is white, with a yellow centre. The 
flowers are double. Alba Simplex is a single white. 
Maria Leonida is white, with a blush centre, and is the 



196 DESCRIPTION OF THE ROSE. 

best of the group. There is a hybrid rose raised by M. 
Hardy, of the Luxembourg Garden, and known by the 
name of Berberifolia Hardii. From its resemblance 
to this division, it is commonly placed with it, though 
not properly belonging here. It is a pretty rose, with 
bright yellow flowers, marked with a chocolate spot 
in the centre; but it is not hardy, nor is it easy of 
culture. 



Rosa Loemgata. — No foreign work on the Rose in- 
cludes this species among those held worthy of culture ; 
yet in our Southern States, where it is naturalized, it is 
singularly beautiful. In the North it is not hardy, though 
the root commonly survives the winter, while the stem 
and branches are destroyed. It comes originally from 
China. Its shoots and leaves resemble those of the Bank- 
sia Rose; the former being long, pendulous, and graceful, 
and the latter of the most vivid green. Its flowers are 
single, very large, and of the purest waxy white, in the 
midst of which appears the bright yellow of the clustering 
stamens. Its long, slender, tapering buds are unsurpassed 



DESCRIPTION OP THE ROSE. 197 

m beauty. It thrives admirnbly in a cool greenhouse, 
climbing with a rampant growth over the rafters, and giv- 
ing forth a profusion of tiowers through the greater part 
of the winter. Unlike all the other roses described in 
this book, it is a species in its origina'., undeveloped 
state, and, as such, offers a tempting subject for the art 
of the hyV»ridist. 



is*^fc..Srr'. »-->.«« -isssBSNu .t^.."-^- — /.j»>>. cr^\— — ^-^si 



Bosa Microphylla. — This is an introduction within 
the present century from the Himalaya Mountains, and is 
rather a curiosity than an ornament. The leaves are very 
small and very numerous; and, by a curious freak of 
Nature, all the spines seem gathered together on the calyx, 
or outer covering of the flower-buds. The original vari- 
ety, Microphylla Rubra, is perhaps the best. Among 
others may be named Carnea, Coccinea, Rosea, and 
Purpurea. 

There is a rose, commonly sold under the name of 
Microphylla Rugosa, which is very desirable from the 
abundance of its autumnal bloom, and from its hardy 
nature ; a point in which it differs from the true Micro 



198 DESCRIPTION OP THE ROSE. 

phyllas. It grows vigorously, and in autumn blooms 
profusely in large clusters of pui-plish-red flowers. 

Hosa CentifoUa. — This is a groujD of Moss roses to 
which, by hybridization, has been communicated some of 
the character of the autumn-blooming roses. The power 
of repeated blooming has, however, in some cases, been 
acquired at the expense of the distinctive characteristic of 
the Moss Rose ; and few of this group are so well mossed 
as the parent to which they owe their name. One of the 
best is Salet, which is of a bright rose-color, tolerably 
well mossed, a vigorous grower, and an excellent autumn 
bloomer. Mada.me Edouard Ory is of a somewhat 
brighter hue, but by no means equal in vigor. The Per- 
petual White Moss is better deserving of the name of 
Moss than either of the others. It is double, blooms in 
clusters, and grows vigorously. Besides these, there are 
many other varieties, most of them indifferent. 

These roses require the same culture with the Hybrid 
Perpetuals. Their power of autumnal blooming is in- 
creased by high enrichment and frequent transplanting. 



DESCRIPTION OF THE ROSE. 



199 




Eosa Spinosissima.— The Perpetual Scotch is a group 
of the well-known Scotch roses, endowed, probably by 
hybridization, with a power of blooming twice or more in 
the year. None of them are of much value except Stan- 
well, which is of a blush color, double, prettily cupped, 
and very fragrant. 

Here closes our list of Autumnal roses, and with it our 
book. In conclusion, we would remind the cultivator, 
that although, even under neglect and scorn, the Rose has 
smiles for all, it is only to a loving and constant suitor 
that she clothes herself in all her beauty. Among all the 
flowers of our gardens, none is more grateful for a careful 
attention, and none more abundantly rewards it. 



s, "^ 



,^,^.^ ,..--- 




ROSES 

MOST ArPROVED BY THE BEST CULTIVATORS OF 
THE PRESENT DAY, 

IK ADDITION TO 

Those already mentioned under their respective Classes. 



PROVENCE HOSES. 

Madame IIenkiktte, uosy-pink, veuy lauoe and beautiful. 
Madame L'Ahbey, bright kose, laiige and full. 
Royal, pale pink, globular and large, very fine. 
White Provence, pure white, large and full. 



MOSS HOSES. 

Adele Pavib, blush. 

Aristides, bright crimson. 

Arthur Yong. 

^tna, brilliant crimson, tinted with purple. 

FliLICITfi BOHAIN, BRIGHT ROSE, LARGE AND FULL. 

Gracilis, or Prolific, deep pink, free bloomer, large and full. 

llENRi Martin, shaded velvety carmine, good. 

James Mitchell, rose-shaded, full. 

J:hn Cranston, crimson-shaded, full. 

Julie de Mersent, rose, shaded with blush. 

Latone, blush, large and full. 

Marie de Blois, rosy-lilac, large and full 

201 



202 LIST OF ROSES. 

Madame de la Rochelambert, amaranth, large and full. 
Pompon (Moss de Meaux), blush, peach centre, pretty, small and 

FULL. 

Trincess Alice, blush, pink centre, 
Pkincesse Royalk, salmon-flesh, full, fine form, 
Princesse de Vaudemont, pink, good. 
Purpurea Rubra, purple, large and full. 
Reine Blanche, pure white, large and full. 
Unique, pure white, large and full. 
William Lobb, velvety-lake, very distinct. 

• 

DAMASK ROSES. 

Calypso, shaded pink, large and good. 

Columella, bright rose, large, full. 

Helvetius, shaded rosy-crimson, very large and good. 

Mariquita, white, lightly shaded, beautiful. 

ALBA ROSES. 

Blanchefleur, white. 

Blush Hip, delicate blush, exquisite in bud, full, 

Princesse Lamballe, white. 

GALLICA ROSES 

AsPAsiE, beautiful flesh, changing to blush, fine form. 
Baron Cuvier, rosy-crimson, good shape. 
Bizarre Marbr^e, mottled crimson, large and very fine. 
Colonel Coombes, light crimson, shaded with purple, very lakgk 

AND full. 

CoMTE Plater, creamy-blush, splendid. 

COMTESSE DE SEGUR, PALE FLESH, CLEAR AND BEAUTIFUL, FULL, FINB. 
DOCTEUR DEILTHEIM, ROSE, OFTEN SHADED WITH PURPLE, VERY LARGE 
AND FULL. 

La Calaisienne, delicate pink, large and beautiful. 

La Ville de Londres, shaded rose, very large and good. 



LIST OF ROSES. 203 

La V> 'LUPTli:, or Letitia, bright rose, large and fui.l, 

Louis Philippe, pinkish-blush, light margin. 

Madame Duberry, mottled crimson-lake. 

Prince Regent, deep rose, superb, large and full. 

William Tell, bright rose, edges blush, very large and full. 

HYBRID CHINA ROSES. 

Comte Boubert, light rose, large and very double. 

Comtesse Lac(5;p£;de, silvery-blush, flesh centre, large and full 

CoMTESSE Mole, delicate rosy-pink, beautiful. 

:fcLISE MERCCEUR, pale-shaded ROSE, BEAUTIFUL. 

FlMBRIATA, ROSY-CRIMSON, PETALS FRINGED AT EDGES. 

FREDERICK THE SECOND, RICH CRIMSON-PUUPLE, LARGE AND DOUBLE. 

GENEEAL ALLARD, FINE DEEP ROSE, VERY DOUBLE. 

GfiNl^RAL LAM0RICI£;RE, ROSE, FINE FORM, LARGE AND FULL, FINE. 

Great Western, bright reddish-crimson, beautiful. 

Jenny, mottled rosy-pink. 

Juno, pale rosE; blush edges, very large and full. 

Lady Stuart, silvery-blush, fine form, medium and full. 

Madeline (Emmeline), pale flesh, edged with crimson, beautiful, 

large, and very double. 
Nathalie Daniel, pink, fine. 
Perfection, delicate pink, fine form. 
Stadtholder, shaded pink, very good. 

TRIOMPHE en BEAUTli, DEEP-SHADED ROSE, GLOBULAR AND BEAUTIFUL. 
TRIOMPHE DE LAQUEUE, PURPLISH-ROSE, LARGE AND SPLENDID. 

William Jesse, purplish-crimson, tinged with lilac, superb, very 
large and very double. 



AUTUMNAL KOSES. 

CHINA ROSES. 

ABBft Midland, fine crimson- red, good. 

AnTHEROS, creamy- white, large and FULL. 



204 LIST OF ROSES. 

Belle de Florence, light carmine, blooms in large clusters, 

fiLISE FLEURY, fine ROSE, LARGE AND FULL. 

Henry the Fifth, vivid scarlet, very good. 

La Fraicheur, rosy-white, centre yellowish. 

Madame Desprez, white, centre lemon. 

Marjolin de Luxembourg, dark crimson, superb, very large and 

FULL. 
MiELLEZ, lemon-white, GOOD. 

Prince Charles, bright cherry, very double. 
Tancrede, fine rosy-purple, distinct, large and full, 
viridiflora, green, curious. 

TEA-SCENTED ROSES. 
ABRICOT^E, fawn, apricot centre, large AND DOUBLE. 

Adam, blush-rose, very sweet, very large and full. 

Alba Rosa, white, centre rose, large, full, and very sweet. 

Amabilis, flesh-color, large and full. 

Archimede, rosy-fawn, darker centre, large and full. 

Auguste Oger, rose, centre copper. 

AUGUSTE VACHER, yellow, shaded with copper-color, large ANi» 
FULL. 

Belle Chartronnaise, red, changing to crimson, large and full. 
Belle de Bordeaux, pink, large and full, habit and growth of 

Gloire de Dijon. 
Bride of Abydos, white, shaded with pink, large. 
Buret, bright rosy-purple, distinct, large and full. 
Caroline, blush-pink, centre delicate rose, large and full. 
Clara Sylvain, pure white, centre cream, large and full. 
Climbing Devoniensis, identical with the old Devoniensis m 

flower, but of a rapid running growth, and hence valuable 

as a cllviber. 
CoMTE DE Paris, flesh colored rose, superb, very large and 

FULL. 
COMTESSE DE BROSSARD, BRIGHT YELLOW, LARGE AND FULL. 
COMTESSE DE LABAUTHE, SALMON-PlNK. 
COMTESSE OUVAROFF, ROSE-SHADED, LARGE AND FULL, 



LIST OF ROSES. 205 

David Pkadel, rose, large and full. 
Dklpkink Gaudot, white, large and double. 
Due de Magenta, salmon, very large and full. 

:]fcLISE SAUVAGE, yellow, CENTRE ORANGE, BEAUTIFUL, LARGE ANB 
FULL. 

Enfant de Lyon, pale yellow, large and full. 

EuGfexK Desgaches, clear rose, beautiful, large and full, VEia 

sweet. 
General Tartas, dark rose, large and full. 
Gerard ; esbois, bright red, large and full, very shoavy. 
Gloirk de Bordeaux, silvery-rose, the back of the petals rosy, 

very large and full. 
Goubault, bright rose, centre buff, very large and double. 
Grandiflora, shaded rose, very large and double. 
Homer, rose, centre salmon, variable, large, full, and good. 
Jaune d'Or, fine golden-yellow, of medium size, full, form glob 

ULAR. 

Jaune of Smith (Yellow Noisette), straw-color, large and full. 

Julie Mansais, pure white, large and full. 

La Boule d'Or, deep golden- yelloav, large and full. 

Lais, pale yellow, full, of fine form, blooms freely. 

L'Enfant TROuvfi, fine, large, pale yellow. 

Le Pactole, pale yellow. 

Louise de Savoie, fine yellow, large and full. 

Madame Blachet, pale rose, medium and double. 

Madame Bravy, creamy- white, large and full, perfect shape. 

Madame Charles, sulphur-yellow, salmon centre, large, full, 

and of good form, free bloomer. 
Madame de Sertot, cream, good. 
Madame de St. Joseph, salmon-pink, beautiful, very large and 

double, very sweet. 
Madame de Tartas, bright rose, large and full, free bloomer. 

BfADAME DE VATRY, DEEP ROSE, LARGE AND FULL. 

MADAME FALOOT, YELLOW, IN THE WAY OF SAFRANO, BUT OF A DEEPER 

SHADE, AND MORE DOUBLE. 
MADAME IIALPHIN, SALMON-PINK, CENTRE YELLOWISH, LARGE AND FULL 



206 LIST OF ROSES. 

Madame Lartay, yellow, shaded with salmon, large and FTfLT.. 
Madame Villermoz, white, centre salmon, large, full, and good, 

MADEMOISELIE AD^LE JOUGANT, clear yellow, MEDIU3I SIZE. 

Madame Maurin, white, shaded with salmon, large and full. 
Madame Pauline Labonte;, salmon, large and full. 
Marechal Bugeaud, bright rose, large and full. 
Mar^chal Niel, beautiful deep yellow, large, full, and of glob- 
ular FORM, VERY SWEET, THE SHOOTS WELL CLOTHED WITH LARGB 

shining leaves. 
Marquise de Foucault, white, fawn, and yellow, variable, lakob 

AND double, one OF THE BEST. 
MiRABILE, PALE YELLOW, EDGES DARK ROSE, PRETTY, DISTINCT. 
NARCISSE, FINE PALE YELLOW, LARGE AND FULL. 

Nina, blush rose, fine, large and double. 

NisiDA, rose and yellow shaded, large and double. 

Odorata, blush, centre rose, large and full. 

President, rose, shaded with salmon, very large, and of good 

FORM. 

Princess Adelaide, yellow, large and full. 

Princesse Marie, rosy-pink, large and full, form globular. 

Regulus, bright rose, shaded with copper, large and full. 

Reine des Pays Bas, pale sulphur, free bloomer. 

Rubens, white, shaded with rose, yellowish centre, large, full, 

AND fine form. 

Socrates, deep rose, centre apricot, large, full. 

SOMBREUIL, white, TINGED WITH ROSE, VERY LARGE AND FULL. 

Souvenir de David, bright cherry-color, distinct and good. 
Souvenir d'£lise Vardon, creamy-white, centre yellowish, very 

large and full; a splendid rose. 
Souvenir de Mademoiselle Eugenie Pernet, white, tinged with 

flesh-color, and shaded with rose-salmon, large, full, and 

of good, hardy habit. 

TRIOMPHE de GUILLOT FILS, WHITE, SHADED WITH ROSE AND SALMON, 

very large, full, and sweet ; one op the best. 
Triomphe du Luxembourg, coppery-rose, superb, very large auk 

FULL. 



LIST OP ROSES. 207 

vicomtesse de cazes, yellow, centre deeper yellow, tinted with 

copper-color, large and very double. 
Victoria, yellow, changing to white, large and full. 

noisette roses. 

ADfeLE PAVIE, white, ROSE CENTRE. 

Aimi:e Vibert Scandens, pure white, large clusters. 

BAROKNE DE MAYNARD, FRENCH WHITE, BEAUTIFULLY CUPPED. 

Blanche De Solville, creamy-white, tinged pink, strong grower. 

OELiNE FORESTIER, PALE YELLOW, FREE BLOOMER, LARGE AND FULL. 

Cerise, rosy-purple, very good. 

Claudie Augustin, white, with yellowish centre. 

Cornelia Koch, pale yellow, very full and fine form. 

Desprez a Fleur Jaune, red, buff, and sulphur, variable, very 

SWEET, large and FULL. 

Du Luxembourg, lilac-rose, centre deep red, large. 

ficLAiR DE Jupiter, bright crimson-scarlet, large and double. 

Euphrosine, creamy-buff, very sweet and good. 

Fellenberg, rosy-crimson, very free bloomer. 

Jane Hardy, golden-yellow, large and full. 

Jacques Ormyott, deep rose, fine. 

La Biche, flesh-white, large and full. 

Lady Emily Peel, shaded French white. 

Lais, French white, large and good. 

Madame Deslongchamps, creamy-white, deeper centre, beautiful. 

Madame Gustave Bonnet, white, tinged with salmon, first class. 

Madame Schultz, primrose, shaded with carmine, very sweet. 

Mademoiselle Aristide, pale yellow, centre salmon, large and 

FULL. 

Narcisse, fine pale yellow. 

OCTAVIE, crimson, LARGE, STRONG GROWER. 

Ophirie, nankeen and copper, distinct, full. 

PhaloM, rosy-buff, very good. 

PUMiLA Alba, white, small and double. 

Triomphe de la Duchbre, rosy-blush, large and full. 

Triomphe de Rennes, canary, large, full, and fine. 

VICOMTESSE D'AVESNE, LIGHT SALMON-ROSE, LARGE, FULL, AND DISTINCT. 



208 LIST OP ROSES. 



BOURBON ROSES. 

Appoline, light pink, large and full. 

AURORE Du Guide, purplish-violet, sometimes crimson-scarlet 

LARGE AND FULL. 
BARONNE DE NOIRMONT, pale, shaded ROSE, COMPACT AND GOOD. 

Bouquet de Flore, bright rosy-carmine. 

Catherine Guillot, bright rosy-pink, compact, and first-ratb. 
Celine Gonod. 

Charles Robin, flesh-color, small, full, and produced abun- 
dantly. 

COMICE DE TARNE ET GARONNE, CHERRY-COLOR. 

COMTE DE MONTIJO, RICH REDDISH-PURPLE, VELVETY, FINE SHAPE. 

COMTESSE DE BABBANTANNES, FLESH-COLOR, LARGE, FULL, AND OF FINE 

FORM. 
DOCTEUR BERTHET, BRILLIANT CHERRY RED, LARGE, FULL, AND GOOD. 
DOCTEUR LEPRESTE, bright PURPLISH-RED, SHADED. 
Due DE CRILLON, brilliant red, CHANGING TO BRIGHT ROSE, LARGE 

AND FULL. 

Edith de Murat, flesii-color, changing to white, of fine form. 

Emotion, delicate shaded blush, compact and good. 

Empress Eugenie, pale rose, purple edges, large and full, good. 

Ferdinand Dieppe, reddish-violet, bright and good. 

George Cuvier, bright rose, fine form, large and full. 

Gloire de RosoMiiNEs, bright crimson, semi-double, but effective, 

Glorietta, deep red, or crimson. 

Gourdault, rich purple, fine form, full. 

Josephine Clermont, pink, full. 

Julie de Fontenelle, crimson-purple, fine form, full, 

Justine, rosy-carmine, good, very double. 

l'avenir, bright rose, large, full, and of good form. 

La QUINTINIE, BRIGHT CRIMSON, SHADED, OR CHANGING TO BLACKISH- 
VIOLET, FULL. 

Le FL0RIF£:RE, rose, with a lilac and crimson tint, LARGE AND 
FULL. 

Leon Oursel, light red, large, full, and good. 

Louise Margottin, beautiful bright rosy-pink, cupped and good. 



LIST OP ROSES. 209 

:y[ADAME ANGELIXA, RICH CREAM, FAWN CENTRE, MEDIUM SIZE, DIS- 
TINCT. 

Madame Cousin, flesh-colored rose, large and full. 

Madame de Stella, delicate pink, very double, fine shape, first 
class. ^ 

Madame Desprez, lilac-uose, large and full. 

Madame £lisb de Chenibr, bright rose, blooms freely, 

Madame Helfenbein, pale rose, very good. 

Madamf Josephine Guyet, deep red. 

Madame la Comtesse, bright pink, fine shape. 

Madame Manoel, light-shaded pink, very large. 

Madame Marechal, flesh, white edges, distinct and good, 

Madame Nerard, silvery-blush, centre pink. 

Mademoiselle C. Riguet, pure white, very abundant bloomer. 

Mademoiselle Felicity Truillot, bright rose, abundant bloomer. 

Marguerite Bonnet, fleshy-white, large and good. 

Marquis Balbiano, rose, tinged with silver, full, fine form, dis- 
tinct. 

Marquis d'Ivry, lilac-rose, forms a large and showy head. 

Marquis de Moyra, rose, shaded with vermilion, fine form, large. 

Marquis de Murat, pink, pale edges. 

Menoux, bright red, approaching to scarlet, full. 

Michel Bonnet, bright rosy-pink, fine. 

Module de Perfection, delicate pink, compact, and most beau- 
tiful. 

Monsieur Jard, cherry-red, large and full. 

OcTAViE Fontaine, white, tinted with flesh-color, good shape. 

Omar Pacha, brilliant red, large, full, and good form. 

Phe:nix, purplish-red, large and fine. 

Pierre de St. Cyr, pink, large and full. 

Prince de Cuimay, purplish-crimson, large and fine, flowers 
freely. 

Queen, buff-rose, free bloomer, large and double. 

Reine de Castille, light rose, good. 

Rev. H. Dombrain, brilliant carmine, fine shape. 

Reveil, cherry, richly shaded with violet. 

souchet, dee? crimson-purple, vivid, superb. 
14 



210 LIST OF ROSES. 

Souvenir de Louis Gaudin, reddish-purple, shaded witii dlack, 

fine form, full, abundant bloomer, 
vicomte de cussy, lively red, large, and very doukle. 
Victor Emanuel, purple and purplish-mauoon, large and double, 

GOOD and distinct. 

i 
HYBRID PERPETUAL ROSES. 

ABBfi Keynaud, clear dark violet, large, full, distinct, and fine; 

GOOD habit, 
ABD-EL-KADER, deep velvety-crimson, GOOD. 

Admiral Nelson, crimson, color beautiful. 
Adolphe Noblet, rosy-carmine, very beautiful. 
Agatoide, lively rose, shaded with deep rose, full. 
Alcidb Vigneron, bright rose, large and full. 
Alexandre Dumas, velvety-maroon, highly scented. 
Alexandre Fontaine, reddish-cerise, fine form. 
Alexandrine Bachmeteff, bright red, large, full, and showy. 
Alexandrine Belfroy, peach-color, large and full. 
Alfred de Rougemont, crimson-purple, shaded with fiery red, 
very bright, large and full. 

ALPAIDE de ROTALIER, FINE TRANSPARENT ROSE-COLOR, GLOSSY, LARGE, 

FULL, AND OF GOOD FORM. 
ALPHONSE BELIN, clear BRILLIANT RED, THE REVERSE OF THE PETAL3 

WHITISH, LARGE, FULL, AND OF FINE FORM. 
ALPHONSE DAMAIZIN, BRILLIANT-SHADED CRIMSON, GOOD FORM AND 

HABIT. 
ALPHONSE DE LAMARTINE, LIGHT ROSY-PINK. 
ALPHONSE KARR, BRIGHT ROSE, FULL. 
AMIRAL GRAVINA, BLACKISH-PURPLE, CHANGING TO AMARANTH, LAROE 

AND FULL. 
AMIRAL la PEYROUSE, brilliant CRIMSON, SOMETIMES DARK CRIMSON, 

shaded with violet, large, full, and very fine. 
Andre Leroy, purplish-crimson, fine color, large and full. 
Anna Alexieff, pretty rose-color, large, full, and of good habit; 

flowers freely. 
Anna de Diesbach, clear rose, fine color, very large and snowy. 



LIST OF ROSES. 211 

Archeveque de Paris, shaded velvety-maroon. 
Arles Dufour, deep purple, with violet centre, large, and deep 
imbricated form, beautiful new rose. 

ARMIDE, rosy-salmon, DISTINCT, IMBRICATED, AND FULL FORM. 

auguste guinoisseau, shaded dark crimson, very large. 

aurore, salmon-rose, large and full, distinct. 

Barlow, bright rosy-crimson. 

Baron Adolphe de Rothschild, fiery red, petals often edged 
with white, large, full, and very effective. 

Baron Gonella, pink and lilac shaded, large, full, and fine. 

Baronne Daumesnil, beautiful bright rose, large, full, and of 
good form. 

Baronne de Heckeren, rosy-pink, very large and double. 

Baronne Hallez, dark red, full, and of fine form. 

Baronne Noirmont, deep rose, large, and of good form. 

Baronne Pelletan de Kinkelin, crimson and purple shaded, col- 
ors brilliant, large, full, and of fine form. 

BEAUTfi FRAN^AISE, VELVETY VIOLET-RED, REVERSE OF PETALS FIERY 

red, large, full, and well formed. 
Belle Anglaise, beautiful bright pink, fine shape. 
Belle de Bourg la Reine, satin-rose, large and full, fine form. 
Belle des Massifs, beautiful rosy-pink. 
Belle du Printemps, beautiful pale, mottled rose. 
Berceau Imperial, flesh-color, large and full. 
Bernard Palissy, bright carmine, large, full, and very fine; 

good habit, 
Buffon, light rosy-crimson. 
Burke, rosy-lilac, or violet, full. 

Catherine Guillot, deep pink, perfect form; one of the best. 
Centifolia Rosea, bright pink, large, of beautiful cupped form. 
Christian Puttner, purple, shaded with crimson, large and full. 
Claude Million, scarlet-crimson, dashed with rose and violet, 

VELVETY, large, FULL, AND OF EXCELLENT FORM, HABIT GOOD. 

Clement Marot, clear rosy-lilac, large and very double. 
Cleostine, large rose, large, fine globular form. 
Colonel de Rougemont, pale rose, shaded with carmine, very 
large and full. 



212 LIST OP ROSES. 

Colonel Soufflot, beautiful rosy-pink. 

COMTE CAVOUR, pale-shaded ROSE, FINE. 

COMTE DE NANTEUIL, BRIGHT ROSE, DARKER EDGES, LARGE AND FULL. 

COMTESSE BARBANTANNE, FLESU-COLOR, LARGE, FULL, AND OF FINE FORM, 

FREE AND GOOD. 
COMTESSE DE COURCT, ROSE, SHADED WITH BRILLIANT RED, FLOWERS 

VERY FREELY, 
COMTESSE DE KERGORLAY, BRIGHT GLOSSY PURPLE, LARGE AND FULL. 
COMTESSE DE SIGUIER, VELVETY-RED, SHADED WITH VIOLET, LARGE 

AND FULL. 
DARZENS, SALMON-ROSE, LARGE AND DOUBLE, VERY SWEET. 

Deuil db Prince Albert, blackish-crimson, shaded, centre fiery 

red, large, full, and good. 
Dominique Daran, dark crimson-purple, large and very double." 

Dr. JUILLARD, rosy- purple, SHADED WITH CARMINE, LARGE AND DOUBLE. 

Dr. Spitzer, bright red, large, fine globular form. 

Due D'ANJOU, CRIMSON, SHADED WITH DARK RED, VERY LARGE, FULL, 

AND WELL FORMED. 
Due DE BASSANO, dark VELVETY-CRIMSON, CUPPED, LARGE AND FULL; 

ONE OF THE BEST. 
Due D'HARCOURT, bright REDDISH-CARMINE, BLOOMING FREELY AND IN 

CLUSTERS, LARGE AND FULL. 
Due DE RUSCHPLER, DEEP ROSE, FULL, 
Due D'OSSUNA, RICH CRIMSON. 
DUCHESSE DE MAGENTA, FLESH, CHANGING TO WHITE, DISTINCT AND 

BEAUTIFUL. 
DUCHESSE D'ORLfiANS, FINE LAVENDER-BLUSH, LARGE, FULL, AND GOOD. 

DUCHESS OF Norfolk, rich purple-crimson, medium, double. 

Duchess of Sutherland, pale rose, large, and very double. 

Duke of Cambridge, cherry-red, fine form. 

ficLAiR DE Jupiter, rosy-crimson, large and showy. 

£mile Dulac, bright rose, large, full, and deeply cupped; the 
best of the color. 

Emotion, white, tinted with rose, of medium size, full, form per- 
fect, flowers abundantly, 

Eug£;ne Appert, scarlet and crimson shaded, splendid colors, 
fine foliage, free bloomer, 



LIST OF ROSES. 213 

EUGfvNR BOURCIKU, PURPLK-KKHDISri, VKl.VKTY, LARGE AND FULL. 
KUGfeNE VERDIER, rich DARK VIOLET, LARGE, FULL, AND OF PERFECT 

form; one of the best. 

EUGftNIE LEBRUN, dark CRIMSON, LARGE AND FULL. 
fcvftQUE DE NiSMES, SCARLET AND CRIMSON, FULL, FLAT FORM. 
FERNANDO, FIERY RED, TINTED WITH WHITE, LARGE, FULL, AND VERY 
SWEET. 

Francois Laciiarme, rright carmine, changing to red, full and 
glorular; a superb rose. 

Francois Louvat, lilac-red, large, full, globular, good, and dis- 
tinct. 

Francois Premier, cherry-red, shaded, fine form. 

Gabriel de Peyronney, fiery red, shaded with violet towards 
the centre, large, full, and of fine form. 

GftNfiRAL CASTELLANE, BRIGHT CRIMSON, LARGE AND FULL. 

General Simpson, bright carmine, full and freij. 

George Paul, bright red, velvety, blooming in clusters, large 

AND FULL. 

George Prince, fine brilliant red, shaded with dark rose, re- 
verse OF petals whitish, large, full, form ^lobular. 
Gloire de Ciiatillon, brilliant red, shaded with violet, large 

AND full. 

Gloire de Vitry, bright rose, large and full. 

Gloire du Sacr^ C<eur, flesh-colored rose, tipped with bright 

bed, AND SHADED WITH PURPLE; GOOD HABIT. 
GUSTAVE CORAUX, bright PURPLE, FREE IN AUTUMN. 
GUSTAVE ROUSSEAU, PURPLE, SHADED WITH VIOLET-RED, LARGE, AND 

FULL. 
IlENRI IV., SHADED VERMILION, VERY <iOOD. 

HfCROlNE VaUCLUSE, CLEAR ROSE, BEAUTIFUL FORM, FREE BLOOMER. 
II. LAURENTIUS, FINE REDDISH-CRIMSON, SHADED WITH BLACK, VELVETY, 

LARGE, AND FULL; FORM CUPPED. 
HORTENSE BLACHETTE, WHITE, WITH ROSY CENTRE, MEDIUM SIZE, FULL. 
iMPftRATRICE EUGftNIE, WHITE, TINTED WITH ROSE, FULL AND GOOD. 
iMPfeRATRICE MARIA ALEXANDRINA, WHITE, TINGED WITH BLUSH, GOOD 

FORM, MEDIUM SIZE, FULL. 
JAMES DICKSON, VELVETY-LAKE, SEMI-DOUBLE. 



214 LIST OF ROSES. 

Jean-Baptiste Guillot, velvety-caemine. 

Jean Bart, red and violet shaded, brilliant, very effective. 

Jean Goujon, beautiful clear red, very large, full, and good. 

jExr TouvAis, beautiful reddish-purple, shaded with crimson, 
very large, full, and of excellent form; blooms freely. 

John Hopper, rose, crimson centre, reverse of the petals pur- 
plish-lilac, large and full. 

Jv HN STANDISH, very dark CRI3ISON, FINE GLOBULAR FORM. 

vOSEPH FiALA, BRIGHT DARK-RED, WITH WHITISH EDGING, LARGE AND 

full, form cupped. 
Kate Hausburg, fine bright rose, large, full, and of excellent 

SHAPE AND substance. 

L'Abbe Laury, bright red. 

L'AVENIR, glossy pink, LARGE, FULL, AND OF GOOD FORM. 

La BrILLANTE, transparent carmine, very bright and BEAUTIFUL, 

large, and of fine form. 
La Duchesse de Morny, bright but delicate rose-color, the re- 
verse OF THE petals SILVERY, LARGE AND FULL, FORM GLOBULAR. 

l'^blouissante, brilliant red, large, full, and op good habit, 
l'ficlatante, bright red, changing to violet-red, large, full, 

and of good form, 
l'^lfigante, blush-white, full, free, flat form. 
l^lia, shaded rose, very large, full, and very fine. 
La Esmeralda, bright cherry-color, large, full, and of good 

FORM. 

Lafontaine, purplish-rose, very large and full. 

La PHOCSENNE, blackish-crimson, fine SHELL-SHAPED, CUPPED FORM, 
La PIVOINE, SHADED ROSY-CARMINE, PECULIAR FOLIAGE. 

La Reine de la Pape, fine rosy-pink, large and beautiful. 

La Tour de Courcy, rosy-pink, very good. 

Laurent Descourt, deep purplish-crimson, rich and velvety, 

large and full. 
La Ville de St. Denis, rosy-carmine, fine form, large and full. 
Le Baron de Rothschild, dark reddish-carmine, sometimes shaded 

with violet, very large and full. 

Le GlfcANT, CLEAR BRIGHT ROSE, TINTED WITH VIOLET, VERY LARGE 
AND FULL, BLOOMS FREELY; THE LARGEST ROSE YET INTRODUCED. 



LIST OP ROSES. 215 

Le Mont d'Or, pale rose, cupped and double. 

LEOPOLD Hausbuug, bright carmine, shaded with purple, large 
and double, of fine form. 

LEOPOLD Premier, bright dark-red, very large and full, fink 
form. 

L^oN DES Combats, reddish-violet, often shaded with scarlet, 
large and full. 

Lord Clyde, crimson and purple, deeply shaded, large and full. 

Lord Herbert, rosy-carmine, the petals reflexing at the sum- 
mits; large, full, finely formed. 

Lord Palmerston, cherry-red, full, fine form ; flowers freely. 

Louis Van Houtte, bright rosy-carmine, very large, full, and of 
fine, globular form. 

Louis XIV., rich blood-color, large and full, form globular; 
A distinct and beautiful variety. 

Louise Damaizin, white, with peach centre, good size and form. 

Louise Darzens, pure white, not large, but full, and of fine 
form; one of the best for massing. 

Louise d'Autriche, rose, large and full. 

Louise Gulino, velvety-maroon, fine. 

Louise Odier, fine bright rose, full, very free bloomer. 

Madame Alfred de Rougemont, pure white, lightly and deli- 
cately shaded with rose and carmine, large and full, shape 
OF THE Cabbage Rose; one of the best. 

Madame Van Geert, rosy-pink, striped white, very beautiful. 

Madame Boutin, cherry-crimson, large and full. 

Madame Brianson, reddish-carmine, shaded with light red, very 
large and full. 

Madame Bruni, delicate peach, large and full. 

Madame Caillat, bright cerise, large, full, and of good habit. 

Madame C. Crapelet, rosy-red, large, full, and very fine. 

Madame Celine Touvais, shaded carmine. 

Madame Charles Roy, shaded rosy-crimson, good shape. 

Madame Charles Wood, vinous-crimson, very large, full, and ef- 
fective. 

Madame Crespin, rose, shaded with dark violet, medium size, 
full, form good. 



216 LIST OF ROSES. 

Madame de Cambac4;res, rosy-carmine, large and full, fine 

FORM. 

Madame de Canrobert, white, slightly tinged with peach, large 

and full, nicely cupped. 
Madame Derreux Douville, delicate glossy rose, bordered with 

white, large, full, and of fine form; good habit. 
Madame de Stella, bright rose, large, full, and of fine form. 
Madame Domage, bright rose, very large and double. 
Madame DucHfeRE, rosy-white, delicate tint, full. 

BlADAME EMAIN, FINE PURPLISH-RED, GLOBULAR, LARGE AND FULL. 

Madame Ernest Dreol, dark rose, sha.ded with lilac, large, full, 

and of good form, foliage pine. 
Madame Eugene Verdier, deep pink, large, full, and finely 

cupped. 
Madame Freeman, creamy- white, aiedium size, globular and full, 

thoroughly perpetual. 
Madame Hector Jacquin, clear rose, shaded with lilac, large 

AND FULL. 

Madame Helye, carmine, shaded-lilac, medium, distinct. 

Madame Julie Daran, purplish-vermilion, glossy, very large and 

full; one of the best. 
Madame Laffay, rosy-crimson, large and double. 
Madame Louise Carique, fine rose and carmine, full. 
Madame Masson, reddish-crimson, changing to violet, velvety, 

large and full. 
Madame Melaine, shaded vermilion. 
Madame Pauline Villot, crimson-purple, fine form; blooms 

FREELY. 

Madame Phelip, silvery-rose, beautifully shaded with crimson, 
small and pretty. 

Madame Pierson, bright red, silvery edges, large and globu- 
lar. 

Madame Place, beautiful light rose, small, but pretty form. 

Madame Schmidt, shaded rosy-pink, large and beautiful. 

Madame Souppert, beautiful pale flesh-color, fine form. 

Madame Standish, clear pale pink, delicate color, large and 

FULL. 



LIST OF ROSES. 217 

Madame Sylvain Caubert, bright rose, delicately edged with 

white; very distinct. 
Madame Ther^se Levet, pale pink, globular and good. 
Madame Valembourg, bright purplish-red, shaded, large, full, 

AND OF good form. 

Madame Victor Verdier, rich bright rosy-cherry color, large, 

full, and fine formed, cupped; blooms in clusters. 
Madame Vigneron, pale rose, large and full, very sweet ane 

GOOD. 

Mademoiselle Alice Leroy, delicate rose, shaded, fine form 

FULL. 

Mademoiselle Betsy Hainman, brilliant cerise; a most effec- 
tive CLIMBER. 
Mademoiselle Bonnaire, white, rosy-centre, large, full, and of 

EXQUISITE form; ONE OF THE BEST. 

Mademoiselle Emain, white, rosy centre, full, and of good form. 
Mademoiselle Gabrielle de Peyronney, bright red, with shaded 

centre, large, full. 
Mademoiselle Goddard, rosy-pink, light margin, good. 
Th£r£:se Appert, peach-color, large and full, cupped, good 

shape, free bloomer. 
Marechal Canrobert, fine bright rose, sometimes shaded with 

PURPLE, very large, HABIT GOOD. 

Marechal Forey, velvety-crimson, reverse of petals violet, 

LARGE and full. 

Marechal Souchet, beautiful reddish-crimson, shaded with 
dark maroon, very large and full, petals also large, habit 
good; one of the best. 

MARfiCHAL Souchet (Damaizin), fine rosy-carmine, large, full, 
and of exquisite form. 

Marechal Vaillant, purplish-red, very large, full, and of good 

FORM. 

Marguerite Appert, lavender-blush, large and full, form 

cupped, pretty and distinct. 
Marie Portemer, purplish-red, full, and fine form. 
Mathurin Regnieb, beautiful pale rose, large and full. 
Maxime, violet-rose, large and full. 



218 LIST OF ROSES. 

Mexico, velvety reddish-purple, shaded with blackish-violet, 

large and full, blooms freely, habit good. 
Module de Perfection, lively pink, very pretty, blooms freely; 

one of the best, 
Monsieur de Montigny, rosy-carmine, large and full. 
Monsieur Joigneaux, shaded maroon, strong grower. 
Monsieur Moreau, shaded crimson. 
Monte Christo, blackish-purple, often dashed with scarlet, 

VERY rich color, LARGE AND GOOD IN FORM. 

Mrs. Charles Wood, bright red, large, full, and superb form. 
Mrs. Elliot, purple, large and double. 

MURILLO, rich purplish-red, SHADED WITH CARMINE AND VIOLET, 

large, double, and of good form. 

noemi, blush, pink centre, full. 

Notre Dame de Fourvi^res, pale satin-rose, large and full. 

Oderic Vital, silvery-roseT, large and full, good form. 

Olivier Delhomme, brilliant purplish-red, large, and perfect 
shape, foliage handsome. 

Panach^e d'Orl^ans, flesh, striped with rose and purple, dis- 
tinct. 

Parmentier, rosy-pink, blooms freely, very brilliant. 

Paul de la Meilleray, fine purplish-cerise, very large, full, and 
of excellent form. 

Paul Desgrand, fine bright-red, large and full, form globular. 

Paul Dupuy, velvety-crimson, shaded, large and full. 

Paul Feval, cherry-color, large and full, form cupped. 

Pauline Lans^zeur, bright crimson, changing to violet, full. 

Pauline Villot, shaded rosy-carmine, compact and good. 

Pavillon de Pregny, white and bed, medium size, full, most 
abundant bloomer. 

Peter Lawson, brilliant red, shaded with carmine, large and 

DOUBLE. 

Pierre Notting, blackish-bed, shaded with violet, very large 

AND full, form GLOBULAR, HABIT GOOD ; ONE OF THE BEST. 

Prairie de Terre Noire, velvety-purple, large and full. 
Prince Henri des Pays Bas, bright crimson, shaded with vel 
vety-purple, of medium size, full, fine. 



LIST OF ROSES. 219 

Prince Imperial, rOvSY-carmine, large and full. 

Prince Leon, fine bright crimson, large, and very double. 

Prince Noir, very dark maroon, good climber. 

Princess Alice, bright rose, the Riivr.RSE of the petals wiiitisii, 

LARGE, FULL, AND SWEET; A DISTINCT AND DESIRABLE VARIETY. 
PRINCESSE iMPfiRIALE CLOTILDE, GLOSSY-WHITE, PINK CENTRE. 
PKINCESSE MATHILDE, crimson, maroon, AND PURPLE SHADED, COLORS 

EXQUISITE, MEDIUM SIZE, DOUBLE, FORM EXPANDED," A GOOD HARDY 

VARIETY. 

Professor Koch, bright kosy-cerise, shaded with carmine, beau- 
tifully cupped; one of the best. 

Queen, rose, very large and beautiful. 

Red Rover, fiery red, growth more than usually vigorous, 
flowering up to Christmas. Not double, enough for a Show 
Rose, but the finest and most effective of Pillar Rosi:s. 

Reine de Castille, whitish-kose, large and full, of good habit, 
and blooms freely. 

Reine de la CiTfi, blush, pink centre, large, full, and of good 
habit. 

Reynolds Hole, lively pink, increasing in brilliancy as thf 
flowers advance in age, large, not very full. 

Richard Smith, velvety-maroon, very dark. 

Robert Fortune, bright red, large, full, and good. 

Senateur Reveil, brilliant reddish-crimson, shaded with dark 
purple, large and full, form fine, blooms freely, habit 
good. 

Simon Oppenheim, maroon, shaded vermilion, very fine. 

Souvenir de Beranger, light rose, very large and double. 

Souvenir de Charles Montault, brblliant red, cupped, large 
and full, free bloomer. 

Souvenir de Comte Cavour, crimson and black shaded, of good 

SIZE and form. 

Souvenir de Lady Eardley, reddish-scarlet, richly shaded, 

large, very light, and effective. 
Souvenir de Leveson Gower, fine dark red, changing to ruby, 

VERY large and full. 



220 LIST OF ROSES. 

Souvenir de M. Rousseau, scarlet, changing to crimson, shaded 

WITH maroon, very RICH AND VELVETY, LARGE AND VERY DOUBLE, 
TOUJOURS FlEURI, VIOLET-PURPLE, FULL AND GOOD. 
TRIOMPHE D'ALENCON, bright RED, VERY LARGE, FULL, AND FINE. 

Triomphe d' Amiens, vivid crimson, sometimes striped with lake, 

large and double, 
Triomphb-d' Angers, crimson-scarlet, large, full, free. 
Triomphe de Bagatelle, bright cherry-carmine, large, full, and 

FREE. 

Triomphe de Caen, deep velvety-purple, shaded with scarlet- 
crimson, LARGE AND FULL. 

Triomphe de Lyon, shaded maroon, beautiful. 

Triomphe de Villecresnes, clear red, more' brilliant at the 
centre, large and full, blooms freely. 

turenne, brilliant red, large, handsome petals, very effective. 

Vainqueur de Goliath, brilliant crimson-scarlet, very large and 

DOUBLE. 

Vainqueur de Solferino, dark red, brighter centre, large, full, 

BLOOMS abundantly. 

Vase d'^lection, bright rose. 

Veloutee d'0rl6ans, brilliant velvety-red, almost scarlet, 
large and full. 

VICOMTE VIGIER, bright VIOLET-RED, LARGE, FULL, AND GOOD. 
ViCOMTESSE BELLEVAL, BEAUTIFUL BLUSH, LARGE AND FULL, FINE 

FORM, BLOOMS FREELY, HABIT GOOD. 
ViCOMTESSE DE MONTESQUIEU, DOUBLE WHITE, USEFUL AS A BEDDER. 

ViCOMTESSE Douglas, beautiful rose, the reverse of the petal8 

whitish, very large and full, form cupped. 
Victor Trouillard, brh^liant crimson and purple shaded, large 

AND full. 

Vulcan, bright purplish- violet, shaded with black, good and 
distinct. 

WILHELM PfITZEB, BRILLIANT RED, COLOR OFTEN SUPERB, LARGE AND 
FULL. 

William Jesse, crimson, tinged with lilac, superb, very large 

AND double. 



LIST OP ROSES. 221 

William Paul, brilliant reddish-crimson, large and full; a free, 

HAEDY, late-blooming ROSE, EXCELLENT FOR BEDDING. 



PERPETUAL MOSS ROSES. 
Alfred de Dalmas, rose, edges rosy-white, blooming in clusters, 

FULL. 

Eug£;ne de Savoie, bright red, large and full. 

Eugenie Guinoiseau, bright cherry, changing to violet, large, 

full, and well mossed, 
hortense vernet, white, tinged with light rose, fine, large, 

AND FULL. 

James Veitch, deep violet, shaded with crimson, large and 

DOUBLE. 

Madame la Riviere, rosy-pink, distinct and good. 

pompone, mottled rose, abundant bloomer. 

Raphael, flesh-color, flowering in corymbs, large, full. 



NEW ROSES OF 1866. 



The following are the most promising of the latest new roses. The de- 
scriptions are those of the raisers ; and as the varieties have not yet bloomed 
in this country, and very few of them in England, it is impossible to speak of 
them definitely. Most of them are results of the skill and perseverance of 
French cultivators. 

The letters immediately succeeding the name refer to the class, — H. P., Hybrid 
Perpetual; B., Bourbon; T., Tea-scented. 

ABBfi BERL^JZE, H. P. ; flowers varying from bright-reddish cerise to rosy- 
carmine, large, full, and of fine form ; growth vigorous, 

ACHILLE GONOD, H. P. ; flowers bright-reddish carmine ; a seedling from 
Jules Margottin ; very large and full ; extra fine foliage, dark green ; 
growth vigorous. 

ADRIENNE DE CARDOVILLE, B.; flowers delicate rose, of medium size; 
full, perfect form. 

AUGUSTE RIVIERE, H. P. ; flowers beautiful bright-reddish carmine, the 
reverse of the petals of a paler hue, distinctly edged with white; large, 
and of regular globular form ; growth vigorous. 

BAPTISTE DESPORTES, H. P.; flowers bright scarlet, very abundant, of 
medium size, full ; growth vigorous. 

BARONNE DE MAYNARD, B. ; flowers beautiful pure white, of medium 
size, fine form; growth vigorous. 

BEAUTY OF WESTERHAM, H. P. {Cattell); flowers brilliant scarlet; fo- 
liage bright green ; habit free and vigorous ; fragrance powerful. 

BELLE NORMANDE, H. P.; flowers pale rose, shaded with silvery white ; 
very large and full ; form globular ; growth vigorous ; of the race of La 
Reine, 

BELLE ROSE, H. P. ; flowers bright rose, very large, full, and of fine globu- 
lar form; very sweet ; habit good; growth vigorous. 

CAPITAINE ROGNAT, H. P. ; flowers brilliant red ; cupped, large and full ; 
growth vigorous. 

CHARLES MARGOTTIN, H. P. ; flowers brilliant carmine, their centre fiery 
red, very large, full, and sweet; form fine ; outer petals large and round ; 
growth vigorous ; of the race of Jzdes Margottin, 

CHARLES WOOD, H. P.; flowers deep red, shaded with blackish-crimson, 
very large, full, and of fine form ; growth vigorous. 
222 



NEW ROSES OP 1866. 223 



CLIMBING DEVONIENSIS, T. ; identical with the old Devoniensis in flower, 

but of a rapid running growth, and hence valuable as a climber. 
COMTESSE DE PARIS, H. P. j beautiful, distinct lively rose, with lighter 

edges; flowers very large and double; habit vigorous ; a very beautiful 

variety. 
DENIS HELYE, H. P. ; flowers brilUant rosy-carmine ; lovely color ; very 

large and full ; very effective ; growth vigorous. 
DR. ANDRY, H. P. ; flowers dark bright-red ; very large, full, and perfectly 

imbricated; growth vigorous. 
DUCHESSE DE CAYLUS, H. P. ; flowers brilliant carmine ; large, full, and 

of perfect form ; growth vigorous; foliage very rich and fine. 
DUCHESSE DE MEDINA CCELI, H. P. ; flowers dark blood-purple; large, 

full, good, and distinct ; growth vigorous. 
DUKE OF WELLINGTON, H. P.; flowers bright velvety-red, shaded with 

blackish-maroon ; their centre fiery red ; large and full ; growth vigorous. 
ELIZABETH VIGNERON, H. P. ; flowers fine rosy-pink, very large and fuU ; 

in the style of Lgelia, but fuller, fresher, and brighter in color; constitution 

hardy; growth vigorous. 
GEnErAL D'HAUTPOULT, H. p. ; flowers brilliant reddish-scarlet ; the 

centre petals sometimes striped with white ; large, full, and of globular 

form. 
GLORY OF WALTHAM, H. P. (Paul); flowers rich crimson, very large and 

full ; a seedling from Leveson Gower ; larger, brighter, darker, and of 

better form, than the parent ; a superb rose, of hardy, vigorous growth. 
JEAN ROSENKRANTZ, H, P. ; flowers brilliant coral-red ; large, full, and 

of perfect form ; growth vigorous. 
JOHN KEYNES, H. P. ; flowers bright reddish-scarlet, shaded with maroon ; 

large and full ; growth vigorous. 
KING'S ACRE, H. P. (Cranston); flowers bright vermilion-rose ; reverse of 

petals satiny ; large, and of fine cupped form ; foliage, rich dark-green ; 

growth vigorous. 
MADAME VERSCHAFFELT, H. P. ; flowers beautiful delicate rose ; large, 

full, and of fine form; growth vigorous ; shoots almost thornless. 
MADAME ANDRfi LEROY, H. P.; flowers salmon-rose; large, very dou- 
ble, form fine; growth vigorous. 
MADAME CHARLES, T. ; flowers sulphur or yellow, their centre salmon ; 

large, full, of good form, and very abundant; growth vigorous ; of the 

race of Madame Damaizin. 
MADAME CHARLES VERDIER, H. P.; flowers fine vermeil-rose; very 

large, full, and of fine form; growth vigorous. 
MADAME ELISE VILMORIN, H. P. ; flowers dark vermilion, shaded with 

blackish-crimson; large, full, of good form, and very abundant; growth 

vigorous. 
MADAME EMILE BOYAU, H. P. ; flowers soft, rosy flesh-color, changing 

to blush; sufliciently large, perfect in form, moderate in growth, hardy 
in constitution ; good and distinct. 



224 NEW ROSES OF 1866. 



MADAME GUSTAVE BONNET, B. ; flowers white, shaded with rose and 
carmine; of medium size, full, very abundant, form globular; growth vig- 
orous. 

MADAME HERMAN STENGER, H. P.; flowers rose, sufi'used with lilac; 
their centre shaded with sulphur; large and full ; the outer petals large, 
form cupped ; growth vigorous. 

MADAME MOREAU, H. P.; flowers brilliant red, shaded with violet; very 
large, full; outer petals large ; very sweet; growth vigorous. 

MADAME ROUSSET, H. P. ; flowers beautiful pale rose; the reverse of the 
petals silvery, large, full, finely cupped, and good habit; growth vigorous. 

MADEMOISELLE AMELIE HALPHEN, H. P. ; flowers fine rosy-carmine ; 
large, full, of fine form, bright and beautiful; habit good; growth vig- 
orous. 

MADEMOISELLE LOIDE DE FALLOUX, H.P.; white, sufiused or veined 
with rose; flowers large, double, and of good form; habit vigorous. 

MARfiCHAL NIEL, T.; flowers beautiful deep-yellow; large, full, and of 
globular form, very sweet; growth vigorous; the shoots well clothed with 
large shining leaves. 

MARGUERITE BONNET, B.; flowers white, shaded with flesh-color; large, 
full, and of fine form; growth vigorous; of the race of Louise Odier, 

MARGUERITE DE ST. AMAND, H. P.; flowers rosy flesh-color; large, 
full, of fine form, and abundant ; habit fine ; growth vigorous ; of the race 
of Jules Margottin. 

MARIE BOISSfiE, H. P. ; blush-white in opening, passing to pure white when 
expanded; flowers double and cup-shaped; habit vigorous; very free- 
flowering. 

MICHEL BONNET, B.; flowers beautiful bright rose; large and full; 
growth vigorous. 

MONSIEUR DE PONTBRIANT, H. P.; flowers dark blackish-crimson, 
shaded with carmine ; very large, full, of good form ; growth vigorous. 

MONSIEUR EDOUARD ORY, H. P.; flowers beautiful vermilion ; large, 
full, and of globular form ; fine habit ; growth vigorous. 

PRINCE DE JOINVILLE, H. P.; flowers light crimson; a fine, large, 
showy rose, of vigorous and hardy habit. 

PRINCE EUGENE BEAUHARNAIS, H. P. ; flowers brilliant reddish-scar- 
let, shaded with purple; large and full; form cupped ; growth vigorous. 

PRINCE NAPOLEON, H. P.; flowers bright rose; very large and very 
double ; growth vigorous ; very efi"ective. 

PRINCESS LICHTENSTEIN, H. P.; flowers white, globular, large and full; 
a good hardy, white rose, of compact growth, flowering abundantly. 

ROSA MUNDI, H. P. ; pure rose, flowers large, double, globular, and well- 
shaped; habit vigorous. 

RUSHTON RADCLYFFE, H. p. ; flowers beautiful clear bright red ; large, 
full, and of perfect form ; growth vigorous. 

SEIMIRAMIS, H. P. ; flowers clear pink 3 large, full, and of fine globular form ; 
growth vigorous. 



NEW ROSES OP 1866. 225 

SOUVENIR DE BERNARDIN DE ST. PIERRE, H. P.; flowers varying 

from crimson to violet; their centre fiery red; large, full, and of fine form; 

habit good; growth vigorous. 
SOUVENIR DE LOUIS GAUDIN, B.; flowers fine reddish-purple, shaded 

with black ; of medium size, full ; very abundant ; form fine. 
SOUVENIR DE WILLIAM WOOD, H. P.; flowers dark blackish-purpte, 

shaded with scarlet; darker than Prince Camille de Rohan; large, full, 

and very eflective ; growth vigorous. 
TRIOMPHE DE LA TERRE DES ROSES, H. P.; flowers fine violet-rose, 

very large and full ; very sweet ; blooms freely. 
TRIOMPHE DES FRANCAIS, H. P.; flowers brilliant crimson; large, 

very double; growth vi|orous ; flue habit; very free and effective 
WILLIAM BULL, H. P.; flowers brilliant cherry-red; large, full, and of fine 

elobular form; growth vigorous. 
XAVIER OLIBO, H. P. ; flowers velvety-black, shaded with fiery amaranth, 

colors exceedingly rich; large; well formed; growth vigorous. 



THE END. 



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